(Q2) Hardness of Water, Solutions, Acids (pg. 8-18)

Question 1

Hard Water

Answer 1

Water that contains minerals in solution that destroy the cleansing action of soap
Calcium, magnesium, and sometimes iron

Question 2

Classes of Hard water

Answer 2

Temporary Hardness
Permanent Hardness

Question 3

Temporary Hardness

Answer 3

• Due to calcium and magnesium bicarbonates
• Removed by boiling: decomp. reaction to make soluble substances insoluble and then filtered

Question 4

Permanent Hardiness

Answer 4

• Due to Magnesium & calcium chlorides and sulfates
• Can’t be removed by boiling
  -Sodium carbonate will create the decomp reaction aswell

Question 5

True Solutions

Answer 5

• Homogeneous mix of two or more substances
• elements or compounds
• gases, liquids or solids
• boils in higher temps; freezes at lower temps

Question 6

Most Common Gaseous Solution

Answer 6

Air

Question 7

Solid Solutions

Answer 7

• Alloys
• Solids are dispersed throughout each other
• Brass, bronze, stainless steel, sterling silver etc

Question 8

Solute vs Solvant

Answer 8

Solute: The substance being dissolved
Solvant: The substance that does the dissolving

Question 9

Solubility

Answer 9

Measure of solute dissolved in a solvent

The measure of how much of a solute can be dissolved in a solvent

Question 10

Saturated vs Unsaturated

Answer 10

Super Saturated: Too much solute than solvent can hold
Saturated: more solute than solvent can hold
Unsaturated: less solute than solvent can hold

Question 11

What factors influence Solubility?

Answer 11

Temperature: Solubility of gases in liquids is decreased as temps rise
Pressure: Solubility of gas rises as pressure rises

Question 12

Dilute Solution vs Concentrated

Answer 12

Dilute: Contains a relatively small amount of solute
Concentrated: contains large amount of solute

Question 13

Percent by Mass

Answer 13

Mass of solute/total weight of solution X 100

Question 14

Percent by Volume

Answer 14

Volume of solute/total volume of solution X 100

Question 15

Fomalin

Answer 15

• Formaldehyde gas dissolved in water
• 37% formaldehyde by weight
• 40% formaldehyde by volume

Question 16

Index

Answer 16

Concentration of formaldehyde in embalming fluid
Index=HCHO g/100 ml of solution

Question 17

Osmosis

Answer 17

The simple diffusion of water

Question 18

Osmotic Principles to Embalming

Answer 18

Hypotonic: use on Normal/Dehydrated cases
Hypertonic: use on Edema cases
Isotonic: leaves bodies unembalmed

Question 19

Classifications of Acids

Answer 19

Acids are classified by:
- Number of ionizable hydrogens
- Number of elements
- Strength

Question 20

Number of Ionizable Hydrogens

Answer 20

• Monoprotic Acids
• Polyprotic Acids: Diprotic & Tripotic
• they donate x amount of protons or hydrogen atoms per molecule to an aqueous solution

Question 21

Number of Elements

Answer 21

• Binary Acids: hydrogen & 1 other element
• Ternary Acids: Oxygen, hydrogen & a nonmetallic element

Question 22

Properties of Acids

Answer 22

• Acids in solution taste sour
• Sting the skin
• Neutralization Reaction: React with bases to form water & salt

Question 23

Arrhenius Theory on Acids

Answer 23

Acids are substances that dissociate(break apart) in an aqueous solution to yield hydrogen ions

Question 24

Arrhenius Theory on Bases

Answer 24

Bases are substances that dissociate in an aqueous solution to yield hydroxide ions