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Chemistry > Fourth Quarter Final Exam > Flashcards

Fourth Quarter Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Embalming

A

The process of chemically treating the dead human body to reduce the presence and growth of microorganisms, to retard decomposition and to restore an acceptable physical appearance

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2
Q

Primary Purpose of Embalming

A

Disinfection

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3
Q

Secondary Purpose of Embalming

A

Preservation

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4
Q

Third Purpose of Embalming

A

Restoration

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5
Q

Proteins

A
  • Fundamental building blocks for cells and tissues (muscle, bone, etc)
  • Relatively large molecules
  • Polymers for amino acids (amino acids are the fundamental building blocks for proteins)
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6
Q

Peptide Bonds

A
  • The bonds that hold amino acids together in protein molecules
    -A covalent chemical bond formed when a carboxyl group reacts with an amino group, releasing water
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7
Q

Enzymes

A
  • Biological Catalysts: they speed up chemical reactions
  • Enzymes increase the rate of decomposition
  • After somatic death, enzymes do not stop their reactions
  • Enzymes also contribute to decomposition
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8
Q

Autolysis (pertaining to enzymes)

A
  • Auto=self, Lysis=breaking apart
  • The self-digestion in cells by enzymes in the cells themselves
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9
Q

Amino Acids

A
  • Molecules used by all living things to make proteins
  • The building blocks of proteins
  • Composed of Amines: R-NH2 and Organic Acids: R-COOH
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10
Q

Primary Disinfection

A
  • Disinfection done before the embalming procedure begins
  • May consist of cleaning the deceased; cleaning the eyes, mouth, or orifices
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11
Q

Concurrent Disinfection

A
  • Disinfection during the embalming operation
  • Disinfection that occurs during injection and cavity embalming
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12
Q

Terminal Disinfection

A
  • Disinfection after the embalming operation to protect the environment
  • May consist of cleaning the deceased, cleaning the instruments and the table
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13
Q

Five Common Characteristics of All Embalming Chemicals

A
  • Inactivate the chemical groups of proteins or amino acids
  • Inhibit further decomposition
  • Inactivate enzymes (both of the tissues and microorganisms)
  • Kill microorganisms
  • Destroy or mask odors and eliminate their further production
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14
Q

Inactivate the chemical groups of proteins or amino acids

A
  • The nitrogen in proteins are sites of decomposition
  • The chemicals react with the nitrogen to change the structure of the protein (coagulation)
  • Coagulation decreases the likelihood that the protein will hydrolyze
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15
Q

Inhibit further decomposition

A
  • Chemicals only slow down decomposition
  • therefore, embalming as soon as possible is best
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16
Q

Inactivate Enzymes

A
  • Enzymes are important catalysts of hydrolysis
  • Inactivating the enzymes will slow down decomposition
  • enzymes are similar to proteins, so preservative chemicals will inactivate enzymes similar to tissue proteins
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17
Q

Kills Microorganisms

A
  • The chemical change that proteins undergo during embalming deprives bacteria of their primary source of nutrition
  • Preservative chemicals denature the structural proteins of the bacteria themselves
  • The same chemical actions that cause fixation of the tissues of the remains will also produce fixation of the bacterial invaders
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18
Q

Destroys/Masks odors and eliminates their further production

A
  • The odors associated with decomposition are principally due to the formation of amines
  • The decomposition of structural proteins produces amines such as putrescine, cadaverine, indole, skatole
  • Decomposition of sulfur-containing proteins also contributes to odors
  • Protein chemicals react with the nitrogen to effectively neutralize the odor
  • Preservative chemicals react with the sources of decomposition (putrefactive bacteria and autolytic enzyme) to eliminate the further production of odors
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19
Q

Reactions of Formaldehyde and Water

A
  • 37% HCHO by weight
  • 40% by volume
  • HCHO and water produce methylene glycol
  • The proteins are fixed due to the donation of a methylene group (methylene bridge)
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20
Q

Formaldehyde in aqueous solution is:

A

formalin

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21
Q

Reactions of Formaldehyde with Methanol

A
  • Methanol prevents the polymerization of formaldehyde
  • Helps extend shelf life
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22
Q

Reactions of Formaldehyde with Proteins

A
  • Main chemical action of HCHO in embalming is the coagulation of protein
  • This is brought about by the cross-linking of the peptide bonds of adjacent proteins
  • The changes in protein only happen in normal amounts of water; excess water could ever the embalming process by hydrolyzing the cross-links
23
Q

The changes in protein brought about by formaldehyde are

A
  • Viscosity is increased
  • Tissues become firmer
  • Resistance to digestive enzymes is increased
  • Hydrolysis and water solubility are decreased
24
Q

Reactions of Formaldehyde with Amino Acids

A
  • Formaldehyde will react with amino acids similarly to protein, because amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
25
Q

Reactions of Formaldehyde with Strong Bases

A
  • Formaldehyde is destroyed in strong bases
26
Q

What are two of the strong strong bases produced by decomposition?

A

Amines and ammonia

27
Q

What implications will amines and ammonia have for embalming?

A

Because Amines and ammonia are strong bases formed by decomposition, and formaldehyde is destroyed by strong bases
- These strong bases may call for a higher formaldehyde demand to combat them

28
Q

What pH is formaldehyde considered?

A

a weak acid

29
Q

Reactions of Formaldehyde with Hemoglobin

A
  • Formaldehyde and hemoglobin produce methemoglobin
  • Methemoglobin can turn the body black in 2-3 days
  • Preventing the over-formation of methemoglobin is another reason for drainage
30
Q

Preservative Demand/Formaldehyde Demand

A
  • The amount of formaldehyde/preservative necessary to overcome any nitrogen residue and cause the body proteins to become coagulated
  • The total amount of formaldehyde with which protein will combine to be completely preserved
  • The greater the decomposition, the greater the formaldehyde demand
31
Q

Distribution

A
  • The movement of arterial solution from the point of injection throughout the arterial system to the arteries.
  • Solution moves from carotid (or other injection vessels) to the rest of the arteries
32
Q

Diffusion

A
  • The movement of arterial solution from inside the vascular system (intravascular) through the walls of the capillaries to the tissues (extravascular
  • (after it gets to the other arteries) Solution moves into the capillaries where it disperses to the tissues
33
Q

Components of Arterial Fluid

A
  • Preservatives
  • Disinfectants
  • Modifying Agents
  • Surfactants
  • Dyes
  • Perfuming Agents
  • Vehicles
34
Q

The Three Primary Preservative Agents in Embalming Chemicals

A
  • Aldehydes
  • Alcohols
  • Phenols
35
Q

Preservatives

A
  • Fluids that alter the proteins in the body so the enzymes of decomposition do not work
  • Alters proteins structure
  • Alters enzymes
36
Q

Examples of Preservatives

A
  • Aldehydes
  • Alcohols
  • Phenolic Compounds
37
Q

Aldehydes

A
  • All aldehydes work by cross-linking proteins
  • Smaller aldehydes (formaldehyde) produce better firmness than dialdehydes (glutaraldehyde) because they produce more cross-links
38
Q

Most commonly used aldehydes in embalming:

A

Formaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde

39
Q

What is Phenol?

A
  • Aromatic Alcohol
  • Weak Acid
  • Used as a disinfectant, bleaching Agent, and preservative
  • Other names: Hydroxybenze and Carbolic Acid
  • Perservative used in anatomical specimens
40
Q

Disadvantage of Phenol

A
  • It may turn the tissue a putty gray color when used with an aldehyde
41
Q

Supplementary Germicides

A
  • Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QUATs)
  • Glutaraldehyde
42
Q

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QUATs)

A
  • Surfactant
  • Widely used for the disinfection of instruments, skin, oral and nasal passages,
  • Easily neutralized by soaps and anionic substances found in arterial fluids (so their use is restricted to surface disinfection and specialty fluids
43
Q

Glutaraldehyde

A
  • A dialdehyde
  • best germicide of the aldehydes
  • Cold chemical sterilant (cold or liquid sterilizing agent)
  • Mainly used for sterilizing instruments but can be present in arterial fluids
44
Q

Modifying Agents

A
  • Agents that modify the action of harsh substances in arterial fluids
  • Humectants
  • Buffers
45
Q

Humectants

A

Moisture-retaining agents
- Help to offset dehydration by imparting a pliable and flexible effect to the tissues

46
Q

Examples of Humectants

A
  • Glycerol
  • Glycols
  • Sorbitol
  • Water-soluble Lanolin compounds
47
Q

What type of alcohols are glycols?

A

Dihydroxy alcohols

48
Q

What type of alcohol is glycerol?

A

trihydroxy alcohol

49
Q

What type of alcohol is sorbitol?

A

Polyhydroxy alcohol

50
Q

What is Lanolin?

A
  • a wax secreted by the sebaceous glands of wool-bearing animals. (sheep)
  • A humectant
  • Acts as an emollient (gives a soft-like feel to the body) when injected into the body
51
Q

Buffers

A

Substances that resist change in pH when an acid or a base is added to a solution

52
Q

Why are buffers important to have in your embalming solution?

A
  • somatic death is followed by a pH shift
53
Q

Examples of Buffers

A
  • Borax (sodium borate)
  • Disodium phosphate
  • sodium bicarbonate
  • EDTA (both a buffer and anticoagulant)

Chemistry (22 decks)

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