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A&P 3.1 > Pulmonary Phys II: Airflow and Pathologies > Flashcards

Pulmonary Phys II: Airflow and Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 factors provide resistance to airflow?

A

Surface tension of alveoli
Pulmonary compliance
Diameter of bronchioles

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2
Q

_________helps to reduce the surface tension in alveoli

A

Surfactant

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3
Q

Surfactant molecules pile up into a thicker layer because their _________ regions resist separation from the water below. As they become crowded into a small area and resist layering, they slow and then halt the ________of the alveolus.

A

hydrophilic

collapse

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4
Q

What condition results from insufficent surfactant?

A

IRDS- Infant respiratory distress syndrome

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5
Q

What is IRDS?

A

Infant respiratory distress syndrome-

Premature infants have a deficiency of surfactant and experience great difficulty breathing

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6
Q

What is pulmonary compliance?

A

The ease with which the lungs expand

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7
Q

Whta happens with greater pulmonary compliance?

A

The easier it is for a change of pressure to case expansion of the lungs (ventilation)

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8
Q

Name 3 diseases that reduce pulmnocary compliace

A

Tuberculosis
Pulmonary fibrosis
Black lung disease

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9
Q

Which disease occurs when nodules form in the lung?

A

Tuberculosis

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10
Q

What is black lung disease?

A

Coal dust in lungs reduces compliance

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11
Q

What is pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Replacement of lung tissue with inelastic fibrous CT

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12
Q

How to bronchioles change in diameter?

A

Smooth muscle changes diamter

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13
Q

What is the term for increasing or decreasing the diamter of bronchioles?

A

Increase: Bronchodilation

Decrease- Bronchoconstriction

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14
Q

What are 2 bronchodilators?

A

Epinephresine and SNS

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15
Q

What are 6 bronchoconstrictors?

A 
Anaphylactic shock
Histamine (also vasodilates)
PNS
Cold Air
Chemical irritants
Asthma
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16
Q

Whta is the volume of anatomic dead air space?

A

150 mL

17
Q

With pulmonary disease, which 2 fators decrease pulmonary exchange?

A

1- Low flow to damaged areas

2- Edema in the lungs/ thickening of respiratory membrane

18
Q

What is pathalogic dead air space?

A

Dead air space caused by tissue damage or injury

19
Q

What is physiological dead air space?

A

Anatomic dead air space and any pathologic dead air space

What is not used for gas exchange

20
Q

What is blood acidosis?

A

blood pH lower than 7.35

21
Q

What is blood alkalosis?

A

blood pH higher than 7.45

22
Q

What is the normal range for blood PCO2?

A

37-43 mmHg

23
Q

What is the most common cause of blood acidosis?

What is the PCO2?

A

Hypercapnia

PCO2 >43 mmHg

24
Q

What is tx for hypercapnia?

A

hyperventilation to blow off extra CO2.
Equation shifts to the right, so H+ is consumed
pH rises and blood returns to normal range

25
Q

What is the most common cause of blood alkalosis?

What is the PCO2?

A

Hypocapnia

PCO2

26
Q

What is the tx for hypocapnia?

A

Hypoventilation, allowing CO2 to accumulate in the body fluids faster than is exhaled.
Equation shifts right, raising H+ concentration
pH lowers to normal range

27
Q

______ is a deficiency of O2 in a tissue, or the inability to use O2 is often marked by ________, or a blue tinge to tissue.

A

Hypoxia

Cyanosis

28
Q

Whta is ischemic hypoxia?

A

Inadequate circulation of blood

29
Q

Whta is the cause of histoxic hypoxia?

A

Caused by metabolic poison,

30
Q

Whta in an example of a poison that causes hystotoxic hypoxia? How does it work?

A

cyanide which prevents tissues the tissues from using the O2 delivered to them by stopping e- transport

31
Q

What causes hypoxemia hypoxia?

A

Inadequate pulmonary gas exchange

32
Q

What are some potential causes of hypoxemic hypoxia?

A

high altitude, drowning, aspiration of foreign object
Respiratory arrest
CO poisoning- prevents Hb from carrying O2

33
Q

What is AVR?

A

Alveolar ventilation rate- exchangeable air in 1 minute

350 mL of each 500 mL in tidal breath is exchanged

34
Q

How is AVR calculated?

A

AVR= 350 mL x 12 breaths/min = 4,200 mL/minute

The AVR is the most directly relevant to the body’s ability to get O2 to the tissues and to dispose of CO2.

A&P 3.1 (20 decks)

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