Control of Respiration Flashcards
Where is the respiratory center?
Medulla oblongata
The medulla oblongata regulates the rate and depth of respiration by discharging impulses to the ________.
diaphragm
What are the two levels of breathing?
1- Conscious, we breathe at will
2- Unconscious- automatic
How are the limbic system and cerebral cortex involved with respiratory rate?
The respiratory rhythm is not constant, it varies with circumstances, for example: rest, exercise, and emotional state all impact rate.
What 4 kinds of receptors provide information about respiration?
Central Chemoreceptors
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Stretch receptors
Irritant receptors
Where are central chemoreceptors and what do they do?
Brainstem neurons that respond to changes in pH in CSF
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors and what do they do?
On carotid and aortic bodies, respond to CO2 and O2
Where are stretch receptors and what do they do?
In smooth muscle of bronchioles and visceral pleura respond to (over)stretching of the lungs
Where are irritant receptors and what do they do?
Nerve endings in epithelial cells of the airway. Respond to smoke, dust, pollen, cold air, chemical fumes
How is the diaphragm innervated? Via which nerve plexus?
phrenic nerve (cervical plexus)
Which muscle elevates rib 1 to assist with inspiration?
Scalenes
What is Boyle’s law?
The pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume (at a constant temperature)
To change the pressure of a gas, change the _______ of its container
volume
If the lungs contain a quantity of gas, and the lung volume increases, then the internal pressure ________.
decreases
How do the pleura contribute to lung expansion?
Visceral pleura clings to the parietal pleura as the chest wall moves up and out. This causes the lungs to expand.
