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A&P 3.1 > Digestive I > Flashcards

Digestive I Flashcards

1
Q

The digestive system is a basically a tube from the ____ ____ to the rectal area.

A

oral cavity

rectal area

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2
Q

What are some accessory structures of the GI system?

A 
teeth
tongue
salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
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3
Q

Voluntary sphincters are made from ______ muscle, involuntary from _______ muscle.

A

skeletal

smooth

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4
Q

The tube is open to the environment at both ends, so anything in it is considered _______ to the body until it is absorbed by epithelial cells lining the gastrointestinal tract

A

external

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5
Q

What 4 general things happen in the digestive system?

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorbtion
Defacation

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6
Q

What are the three processes used by the digestive system?

A

Motility
Secretion
Membrane transport

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7
Q

What is motility? What 2 mechanisms allow for it?

A

Muscular contraction with smooth muscle

Peristalsis and Segemnetation

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8
Q

How do peristalsis and segmentation provide motility in the digestive system?

A

Peristalsis- propels chyme (a semi-fluid material produced by gastric digestion)
Segmentation- mix chyme

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9
Q

What is chyme?

A

A semi-fluid material produced by gastric digestion

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10
Q

What is secreted in the digestive system?

A

Secretion of enzymes

Sends hormones- they control the process of secretion

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11
Q

How do cells absorb nutrients?

A

By membrane transport

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12
Q

Once inside the GI cells, carbohydrates and proteins go into blood capillaries, and lipids are absorbed by the _______.

A

blood

lacteal (lymph capillaries)

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13
Q

What are the two types of digestion? How doe they work?

A

Mechanical digestion- Teeth which masticate food
Smooth muscle- churns chyme in stomach and small intestine
Chemical digestion- Enzymes
They split carbohydrates, lipids, and protein molecules so they can be absorbed into the simple columnar mucosal cells

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14
Q

What are the three types of glands in the GI system?

A

Unicellular
Multicellular under epithelium
Multicellular glands outside digestive tract

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15
Q

Which unicellular gland is in the GI tract?

A

Goblet cells

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16
Q

Which multicellular glands are in the GI tract?

A

Have ducts leading into lumen of tract- Eg salivary gland in mouth, pancreas, liver

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17
Q

Which 4 tunics are in the GI tract?

A

Submucosa
Mucosa
Muscularis
Serosa OR adventitia

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18
Q

Why is the innermost layer a “mucosa”?

A

Because it’s a membrane that lines a body cavity open to the outside

19
Q

Which three sublayers are in the mucosa tunic?

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa

20
Q

What kinds of cells are in the epithelium of the mucosa tunic? Why?

A

Stratified squamous at both ends, simple columnar in the middle
In direct contact with the contents of the GI tube

21
Q

What is the lamina propria of the mucosa tunic?

A

Loose connective tissue layer- room for lymphocytes, blood, macrophages etc

22
Q

What is the muscularis musosa?

A

There is a thin layer of smooth muscle that throws the mucosa into folds, to increase surface area

23
Q

What kind of lymph tissue is present in the mucosa tunic?

A

MALT- mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

24
Q

What tissues are present in the submucosa?

A

Loose CT, highly vascular

25
Q

What kind of nerve ending is present in the submucosa? What nervous system is it part of?

A

Submucosal plexus of ANS- plexus of Meissner- controls secretions of nearby glands
This is part of the general enteric nervous system (PNS) that regulates digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow

26
Q

What is the muscularis tunic made from? What does it do?

A

Made from 2 sheets of smooth muscle throughout the tube that are responsible for peristalsis and segmentation of the chyme

27
Q

In general, the 2 layers of the muscularis are : 1- _____ _____, and 2- _____ ________

A

inner circular

outer longitudinal

28
Q

What nerve is in the muscularis? Where is it and what does it do?

A

Plexus of Auerbach- myenteric plexus of the ANS
Located between the 2 muscle layer
Controls mostly GI tract motility

29
Q

What composes the tunic serosa?

A

1- Simple squamous epithelium next to space of abdominal cavity
2- A thin, underlying, supporting layer of CT between the muscle and epithelium

30
Q

What does a “serosa” do?

A

Lines a cavity not open to the outside

31
Q

What is the diffrence between a serosa and an adventita?

A

Is an adventitia, and not serosa when it is CT that blends into surrounding tissue instead of a smooth lining. Eg when other organs are nearby such as with pharynx, trachea, or rectal area.

32
Q

What does retroperitoneal mean?

A

External to the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity

33
Q

What are some retroperitoneal organs?

A

kidneys, adrenals, duodenum, pancreas, ascending and descending colon, rectum, and bladder.

34
Q

What is two serous membranes with connective tissue in between that generally extend from the body wall to the digestive organs?

A

Mesentery

35
Q

What binds and holds the abdominal organs to each other and the back wall?

A

Mesentery

36
Q

What is contained within the mesentery?

A

blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves

37
Q

What provides a route by which the vessels and nerves can pass from the back of the abdominal wall to the organs?

A

Mesentery

38
Q

What organs have mesentery?

A

Small intestine, transverse colon

39
Q

What is the mesocolon?

A

Folds of mesentery that covers the large intestine (colon), but only the part that isn’t retroperitoneal, the transverse colon.

40
Q

What is the falciform ligament?

A

A sheet of mesentery that suspends the liver from the abdominal wall.

41
Q

What is the lesser omentum?

A

A smaller mesentery that connects the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach.

42
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

This forms a long double fold of mesentery that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach inferiorly over the surface of the small intestines and back up to the transverse colon.

43
Q

Which mesentery folds back upon itslef?

A

Greater omentum

44
Q

What is the greater omentum also known as?

A

The “fatty apron”

A&P 3.1 (20 decks)

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