Pulmonary Patho - Pneumonia and Cystic Fibrosis Flashcards
- what is pneumonia?
infection that causes inflammation of the tiny air sacs in the lower respiratory tract
how can pneumonia be categorized?
CAP, HAP, VAP
what is the most common route for lower respiratory tract infection?
- oropharyngeal secretion
what is another common route of infection for pneumonia?
- inhalation of microorganisms
how does VAP infection occur?
- occurs when biofilms form in ventilation tubes and patients inhale the microorganisms
what is a less common way pneumonia is spread?
- bacteremia
- IV drug abuse
what is the most important guardian cell of the lower respiratory tract? how does it recognize pathogens?
- alveolar macrophage
- recognizes pathogens through PRRd
what is the most common cause of CAP? how do they most commonly infect the lungs? what do these bacteria have that affect phagocytosis? what do they release?
- pneumococcal pneumonia
- through oropharyngeal secretions
- they have capsules
- they release pneumolysins which kill alveolar macrophages
how does CAP cause alveolar edema?
by filling the alveoli with pus or fluid
what is the most common form of viral CAP? what does it do to epithelial cells?
- influenza
- damage epithelial cells
how do viruses affect the respiratory system? what happens to the bronchial walls as a result?
- damage epithelial cells and evade goblet cells
- bronchial wall becomes edematous and infiltrated with neutrophils
- what are most cases of pneumonia preceded by? what do individuals then develop? what can the physical examination show signs of? what else may individuals demonstrate symptoms and signs of?
- upper resp tract infection
- cough, malaise, chills, dyspnea, hemoptysis
- pulmonary consolidation
- underlying systemic disease
what is cystic fibrosis (CF)?
- recessive inherited disease that causes malfunction of epithelial ion transport channels
what is the CF gene named and where is it located? how many variants are there? how many classes is it divided into? what does mortality correlate with?
- CFTCR
- chromosome 7
- 2000
- five
- mortality correlate with severity of the classes
what organs does CF affect?
- lungs
- reproductive
- GI
what are the typical features of CF lung disease?
-mucous plugging, chronic inflammation and chronic infection
what does the mucous plugging result from?
- larger goblet cells
- altered physiology of the mucus itself
- impaired ability to clear the mucus
what causes the mucous to adhere to the airway epithelium in CF?
depleted fluid and impaired ciliary activity
in CF lung disease what damages lung structural proteins?
neutrophils releasing oxidants and proteases
how does the excess neutrophils in CF lung disease affect immunity? what does this contribute to?
- excess neutrophils release mediators that destroy IgG results in chronic infection
what does the CF airway environment favor? what does this cause? what does the biofilm resist?
-favors bacterial colonization
- chronic endobronchial infection
what are the diagnostic criteria for CF? what are the two standard methods of testing for CF?
- one or more clinical signs
- sibling with CF
- positive screening on newborn
methods: sweat test immunoreactive tripsinogen blood test
