CV patho - diseases of the arteries Flashcards
what is arteriosclerosis? what’s happening smooth muscle cells and the collagen fibers here?
- it is an abnormal thickening of the vessel wall
- the smooth muscles cells and collagen fibers are migrating to the tunica intima
what is atherosclerosis a form of? what is it?
- form of arteriosclerosis
- it is thickening and hardening of the vessel wall caused by plaque accumulation
what is atherosclerosis the leading cause of?
- PAD, CAD and CVD
what does atherosclerosis lead to?
- inadequate perfusion, ischemia, necrosi
what is the progression of atherosclerosis?
Inflammation of endothelium
Cell proliferation
Macrophage migration
LDL oxidation
Fatty streak
Fibrous plaque
Complex plaque
what is CAD caused by? what is it the primary cause of?
- caused by atherosclerosis
- most common cause of heart disease
what occurs in CAD?
- blood supply to the myocardium is diminished
- can become so severe that it can lead to myocardial ischemia
when does myocardial ischemia develop? what is it usually a cause of? what does the increase in plaque size do?
- develops when there insufficient blood supply to the myocardium
- usually caused by atherosclerosis in CAD
- the increased plaque size can occlude the vessel lumina and cause ischemia during exertion
within what time frame can myocardial cells become ischemic? how long can heart cells stays viable like this? what happens if perfusion is not restored?
- heart cells can become ischemic within 10 seconds of occlusion
- heart cells can stay viable like this for 20 minutes
- if perfusion is not restored it leads to MI
what are acute coronary syndromes? what are two disease manifestations of acute coronary syndromes?
- sudden coronary obstructions that are caused by thrombus formation
- unstable angina and myocardial infarction
what is unstable angina?
- reversible form of acute coronary syndrome that can mean impending infarction
what causes unstable angina? how long does the thrombus occlude bloodflow? does rest resolve symptoms ?
- plaque begins to rupture
- no more than 10 to 20 minutes
- no
when does MI occur?
- when prolonged ischemia leads to irreversible damage of cardiac tissue
what can sudden cardiac arrest be due to?
ischemia, left ventricular dysfunction or electrical impulse instability
what are dysrhythmias?
disturbance of the heart rhythm
what can cause dysrhytmias?
- abnormal rate of impulse conduction
- abnormal impulse conduction
what are examples of dysrhytmias?
tachycardia, bradycardia, flutter, fibrillation, premature ventricular contraction, premature atrial contraction, asystole
what is heart failure?
it is a general term used to describe several cardiac dysfunctions that lead to inadequate perfusion of tissuse
what is left heart failure? what does it cause? what does it lead to?
- when the left ventricle fails to pump blood to the rest of the body
- it cause blood to back up into the lungs
- it leads to PND, SOB and dyspnea
what are the LVF backward effects?
- reduced volume output of left ventricle
- increased preload in LV
- increased preload in LA
- increased volume in pulmonary veins
- increased volume in capillary beds
- fluid moves into alveoli
- filling of the alveolar space
- pulmonary edema
- right ventricle failure
what is right heart failure commonly caused by?
a diffuse hypoxic pulmonary disease
what is right heart failure?
inability of the right ventricle to pump blood into the pulmonary circulation
what is primary HTN a result of?
- a mix of genetics and environment mediated by neurohumoral effects
what is primary HTN defined as?
BP of 130 > and 80 >
how many individuals with HTN have primary HTN?
92 to 95%
when is primary HTN diagnosed?
after elevated BP 3 times in 3 moments
how many people have secondary HTN?
5%
what is secondary HTN caused?
caused by diseases that raise peripheral vascular resistance or cardiac output and thus blood pressure
what are the possible systemic diseases that could cause secondary HTN?
hyperthyroidism, PIH, alcoholism, drug use, adrenal tumor
