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Pathophysiology > hematologic sys - different types of anemias > Flashcards

hematologic sys - different types of anemias Flashcards

1
Q

what is acute anemia related to? what is the initial reaction?

A
  • blood loss
  • vasoconstriction and shunting of blood to vital organs
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2
Q

what does macrocytic mean?

A

condition where red blood cells are enlarged in size

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3
Q

what does normochromic anemia refer to?

A

when the red blood cells are normal but there isn’t enough of them to meet the body’s demands

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4
Q

what are macrocytic and normochromic anemias characterized by?

A

defective DNA synthesis

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5
Q

what are two types of macrocytic-normochromic anemias?

A

pernicious and folate deficiency

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6
Q

what is pernicious anemia a deficiency of?

A

vitamin B12

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7
Q

what population does pernicious anemia usually impact?

A

those over 30 of northern european descent, hispanic, african americans

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8
Q

how long does it take to develop pernicious anemia?

A

usually progress over 20 to 30 years

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9
Q

what are some significant symptoms of pernicious anemia?

A

beefy red tongue, splenic or liver enlargement, paresthesia of extremities

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10
Q

what is pernicious anemia caused by? what is this substance required for? what is B12 needed for?

A
  • a lack of intrinsic factor from the gastric parietal cells
  • intrinsic factor is required for B12 absorbtion
    -nucleus maturation and DNA synthesis in RBCs
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11
Q

what are risk factors for pernicious anemia?

A

chronic gastritis, alcoholism, liver disease, hypothyroidism, smoking, stomach surgery

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12
Q

what is folate required for?

A

RNA and DNA synthesis within the RBC

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13
Q

what are clinical manifestations of folate deficiency anemia?

A

burning mouth syndrome, dysphagia, flatulance, diarrhea

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14
Q

what are microcytic hypochromic anemias characterized by? what are they related to?

A

-red cells that are abnormally small and contain reduced amounts of hemoglobin
- disorders or iron metabolism

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15
Q

what does the term microcytic mean?

A

related to red blood cells that are smaller than normal

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16
Q

what does the term hypochromic mean?

A

refers to blood cells that have less hemegoblin than normal

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17
Q

what are the risk factors for iron deficiency anemia?

A

females, poverty, lead poisoning, infants, pregnancy

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18
Q

what is iron deficiency anemia?

A

depleted iron stores and reduced hemoglobin synthesis

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19
Q

what can cause iron deficiency?

A

inadequate dietary intake or chronic blood loss

20
Q

what are late manifestations of iron deficiency anemia?

A

spoon shaped nails, atrophied tongue

20
Q

what are the early manifestations or iron deficiency anemia?

A

fatigue, weakness, SOB, pale ear lobes

21
Q

how many weeks of iron replacement does it take to reverse the symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?

A

1 - 2 weeks

22
Q

what are normocytic-normochromic anemias characterized by?

A

RBCs that are normal in size and hemogoblin content but insufficient in number

23
Q

what are two examples of normocytic normochromic anemias?

A

posthemorrhagic anemia and sickle cell disease

24
Q

what is an example of a microcytic-hypochromic anemia?

A

iron deficiency anemia

25
Q

what does hemorrhage mean?

A

excessive bleeding

26
Q

what type of disease is sickle cell disease? what mutation causes it?

A
  • autosomal recessive
    Point mutation where the DNA triplet coding for glutamic acid (CTC) instead codes for valine (CAC).
27
Q

what happens to RBCs in sickle cell disease? what does its severity depend on?

A
  • Poor oxygenation and dehydration causes the RBC’s to sickle
  • Severity depends on the level of dehydration and oxygenation
28
Q

what do sickled RBCs lead to?

A

increased blood viscosity
slower movement of blood through the body
vascular occlusion

29
Q

what are manifestations of the sickled state?

A

Pain-generalized and joint pain
Jaundice
Weakness
Fatigue

30
Q

what does vaso-oclusive mean? what may occur? what decreases?

A

-Vasospasm from obstruction
-Thrombosis formation and organ damage may occur
-Decreased oxygenation to distal tissues and organs

31
Q

what are coagulation disorders a result of?

A

*Result of gene deletions and point mutations

32
Q

what would a nurse see if clotting does not happen as quickly as it should?

A

easy bruising, persistent bleeding from minor wounds, swollen joints, blood in urine (hematuria), heavy menses

33
Q

when clotting happens quicker than it should, what could a nurse see?

A

a nurse may see a person who develops embolus—which can lead to deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolus, stroke (as we’ve discussed in previous lectures)

34
Q

what are three examples of coagulation disorders?

A

hemophilia A, Von Willebrand Disease, Factor V Leiden

35
Q

what is classic hemophilia a deficiency of?

A

factors VIII

36
Q

what gene leads to hemophilia A?

A

X-linked recessive F8 gene

37
Q

why is a lack of factor VIII problematic?

A

fibrinogen does not convent to fibrin, scaffolds don’t form, blood does not clot.

38
Q

what are the manifestations of hemophilia A?

A

Joint bleeding, bruising, hematuria, oral bleeding can occur. Other bleeds (brain, internal organs, etc.) are more serious and life threatening.

39
Q

what is von willebrand disease? what is it the most common of?

A
  • Autosomal dominant condition-reduced penetrance
  • most common inherited clotting disorder worldwide
40
Q

what gene causes Von Willebrand Disease ?

A

Gene is VWF –von Willebrand factor–on chromosome 12

41
Q

what does the VWF gene do?

A

VWF works with factor VIII to start the clotting process and activates platelets

42
Q

what is the treatment for both hemophilia and VWD?

A

treatment is factor replacement, plasma infusions, mediations to promote factor formation

43
Q

what is thrombophilia?

A

When a person has a condition that causes the blood to be hypercoagulable

44
Q

what is factor V Leiden? who is it common in?

A
  • Most common hereditary thrombophilia
  • those of european ancestry
45
Q

what kind of mutation is factor V leiden? what does it lead to?

A

Is a single nucleotide mutation that leads to prolonged high levels of factor V and overproduction of thrombin.

46
Q

what does the F5 gene do?

A

The F5 gene provides instructions for making a protein called coagulation factor V.

Pathophysiology (21 decks)

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