Pulmonary Disorders Part 1 Flashcards
what is aspiration the passage of?
- fluid or particles into the lungs
what can aspirations lead to?
pneumonia, damage, scar tissue and decreased compliance
what can aspirations lead to the sudden onset of?
choking, coughing, wheezing
what is pulmonary fibrosis?
excessive fibrous tissue in the lung
what can pulmonary fibrosis be related to?
can be related to scar tissue after disease or idiopathic
what is there a decrease of in pulmonary fibrosis?
lung compliance, oxygenation and ventilation
what does pulmonary fibrosis do to the capillary membrane?
it changes its diffusing capacity which leads to hypoxemia
what are the clinical manifestations of pulmonary fibrosis?
dyspnea on exertion and crackles
what are some things that can cause pulmonary edema?
left sided heart disease, capillary injury, lymph system obstruction
how does ARDS and gases cause pulmonary edema?
capillary injury increases membrane permeability–> water moves into interstitial spaces–> water moves into lungs
how does left sided heart disease cause pulmonary edema?
inadequate pumping of the blood to tissues will cause the blood to back up into the pulmonary veins–> pulmonary capillaries–> alveoli
what are the manifestations of edema?
panic, SOB, cough, crackles
how long does the cough last in chronic bronchitis?
at least 3 months of the year for two consecutive years
where does chronic bronchitis start? what happens to airways in early expiration? what does this cause?
- usually starts in upper airways
- airways collapse in early expiration
- causes the air to be trapped so the lungs are hyperinflated
what is emphysema? what happens to the alveoli?
-enlargement of gas exchange airways and destruction of alveolar walls
- alveoli become like big air bubbles that are not good for gas exchange
what happens to the bronchial walls in emphysema?
- there is a loss of elastic recoil
what are the risk factors of emphysema?
- smoking, second hand smoke, genetic, pollution, occupation exposure
what is COPD a combination of?
it is a combination of bronchitis and emphysema
describe air movement during inspiration and expiration in COPD
what does acute bronchitis usually follow?
follows a viral infection
what is acute bronchitis similar to? what are the symptoms
- similar to pneumonia
- chest pain and coughing
what is a pulmonary embolus?
obstruction to a part of pulmonary vasculature
where do pulmonary emboli usually arise from?
from the deep veins in the lower extremities
what is pulmonary HTN?
increase pulmonary arterial pressure
in pulmonary HTN, what do you have a dysfunction of? what is there an overproduction of?
- endothelial dysfunction
- overproduction of vasoconstrictors
what do growth factors in pulmonary HTN do? what does this do to the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle? what happens overtime?
Growth factors cause fibrosis and thickening of vessel walls and abnormal lumen narrowing and vasoconstriction.
- increase pressure in the pulmonary arteries and right ventricles
- RV hypertrophy and eventually failure
what are the manifestations of pulmonary HTN?
Fatigue
Chest pain
Tachypnea
Dyspnea
Peripheral edema
