Pulmonary Disorders Part 1

Question 1

what is aspiration the passage of?

Answer 1

• fluid or particles into the lungs

Question 2

what can aspirations lead to?

Answer 2

pneumonia, damage, scar tissue and decreased compliance

Question 3

what can aspirations lead to the sudden onset of?

Answer 3

choking, coughing, wheezing

Question 4

what is pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 4

excessive fibrous tissue in the lung

Question 5

what can pulmonary fibrosis be related to?

Answer 5

can be related to scar tissue after disease or idiopathic

Question 6

what is there a decrease of in pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 6

lung compliance, oxygenation and ventilation

Question 7

what does pulmonary fibrosis do to the capillary membrane?

Answer 7

it changes its diffusing capacity which leads to hypoxemia

Question 8

what are the clinical manifestations of pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 8

dyspnea on exertion and crackles

Question 9

what are some things that can cause pulmonary edema?

Answer 9

left sided heart disease, capillary injury, lymph system obstruction

Question 10

how does ARDS and gases cause pulmonary edema?

Answer 10

capillary injury increases membrane permeability–> water moves into interstitial spaces–> water moves into lungs

Question 11

how does left sided heart disease cause pulmonary edema?

Answer 11

inadequate pumping of the blood to tissues will cause the blood to back up into the pulmonary veins–> pulmonary capillaries–> alveoli

Question 12

what are the manifestations of edema?

Answer 12

panic, SOB, cough, crackles

Question 13

how long does the cough last in chronic bronchitis?

Answer 13

at least 3 months of the year for two consecutive years

Question 14

where does chronic bronchitis start? what happens to airways in early expiration? what does this cause?

Answer 14

• usually starts in upper airways
• airways collapse in early expiration
• causes the air to be trapped so the lungs are hyperinflated

Question 15

what is emphysema? what happens to the alveoli?

Answer 15

-enlargement of gas exchange airways and destruction of alveolar walls
- alveoli become like big air bubbles that are not good for gas exchange

Question 16

what happens to the bronchial walls in emphysema?

Answer 16

• there is a loss of elastic recoil

Question 17

what are the risk factors of emphysema?

Answer 17

• smoking, second hand smoke, genetic, pollution, occupation exposure

Question 18

what is COPD a combination of?

Answer 18

it is a combination of bronchitis and emphysema

Question 19

describe air movement during inspiration and expiration in COPD

Answer 19

Question 20

what does acute bronchitis usually follow?

Answer 20

follows a viral infection

Question 21

what is acute bronchitis similar to? what are the symptoms

Answer 21

• similar to pneumonia
• chest pain and coughing

Question 22

what is a pulmonary embolus?

Answer 22

obstruction to a part of pulmonary vasculature

Question 23

where do pulmonary emboli usually arise from?

Answer 23

from the deep veins in the lower extremities

Question 24

what is pulmonary HTN?

Answer 24

increase pulmonary arterial pressure

Question 25

in pulmonary HTN, what do you have a dysfunction of? what is there an overproduction of?

Answer 25

• endothelial dysfunction
• overproduction of vasoconstrictors

Question 26

what do growth factors in pulmonary HTN do? what does this do to the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle? what happens overtime?

Answer 26

Growth factors cause fibrosis and thickening of vessel walls and abnormal lumen narrowing and vasoconstriction.

• increase pressure in the pulmonary arteries and right ventricles
• RV hypertrophy and eventually failure

Question 27

what are the manifestations of pulmonary HTN?

Answer 27

Fatigue
Chest pain
Tachypnea
Dyspnea
Peripheral edema