Pulmonary Notes from Slides Flashcards
what do blood gasses determine?
Determines gas exchange across the alveolar-capillary membrane.
what can hypoxemia result from?
problems with Oxygen delivery to alveoli
Diffusion of oxygenation from the alveoli to the blood
Perfusion of pulmonary capillaries
what does O2 saturation tell us? how much is good?
tells us how many red blood cells are saturated by oxygen and 90-100% is good
what is orthopnea usually a result of?
heart failure
what can cause PND?
pulmonary or heart disease
what is sputum?
it is a type of mucus
what is purulent sputum like?
Thick, yellow or greenish-yellow, associated with infectious diseases such as pneumonia, bronchiectasis, and abscesses.
what is mucoid sputum like?
Clear, grey or white, often seen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma.
what is serous sputum like?
Clear, frothy, and sometimes pinkish, associated with pulmonary edema (fluid buildup in the lungs).
what does hemoptysis usually indicate?
inflammation or infection that damages the bronchi
what are some diseases that cause a V/Q mismatch?
pneumonia, asthma, edema, embolism
what can cause problems with the diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to the blood?
a V/Q mismatch
when is diffusion into the alveolocapillary membrane impaired? what can this occur with? what are the symptoms?
Impaired when the membrane is thickened or the surface area available for diffusion is decreased.
can occur with edema or fibrosis
cyanosis, confusion, tachycardia and edema
where are most of the gene variants that cause asthma located?
gene regions coding for proteins that regulate inflammatory reactions and immune responses
what two things do you need to have asthma?
Need the predisposition AND the environmental trigger
when listening with a stethoscope, what will the provider find in someone with status asthmaticus?
no air movement in the lungs
what is the most common pneumonia in pediatrics?
Respiratory Syncitial Virus
what pathogen causes pneumococcal pneumonia?
streptococcus pneumoniae
how do pathogens in pneumococcal pneumonia get to the lower resp trac?
they evade the cough reflex and cilia clearance of the upper resp tract
what happens when the pathogen that causes pneumococcal pneumonia reaches the lower resp tract?
- TNF and IL1 is released
- widespread inflammation and neutrophil recruitment to alveoli
what kind of damage does inflammation from pneumococcal pneumonia lead to?
-inflammation damages bronchial mucous and causes acini and bronchioles to fill with exudate
what are the clinical manifestations of pneumococcal pneumonia?
- usually begins as an upper resp tract infection
- cough, fever, chest pain, increased WBC count
what do you have a build up of in CF? what does it do to organs?
- mucus
- reduces mucus function over time
describe the ion transport problem in CF
what do thick secretion of CF in the lungs do? what is usually the cause of death?
- the mucus obstructs the bronchioles and cause chronic infection
- lung failure is often the cause of death
what are the signs and symptoms of CF in the lungs?
mucus plugging, chronic bronchitis, chronic lower resp tract infection
what are the signs and symptoms of CF in the pancreas?
small statures, fatty diarrhea, fat soluble enzyme deficiencies, diabetes
what are other manifestations of CF?
DAM
decreased liver function
abnormal saliva
male infertility
