Pulmonary Notes from Slides

Question 1

what do blood gasses determine?

Answer 1

Determines gas exchange across the alveolar-capillary membrane.

Question 2

what can hypoxemia result from?

Answer 2

problems with Oxygen delivery to alveoli
Diffusion of oxygenation from the alveoli to the blood
Perfusion of pulmonary capillaries

Question 3

what does O2 saturation tell us? how much is good?

Answer 3

tells us how many red blood cells are saturated by oxygen and 90-100% is good

Question 4

what is orthopnea usually a result of?

Answer 4

heart failure

Question 5

what can cause PND?

Answer 5

pulmonary or heart disease

Question 6

what is sputum?

Answer 6

it is a type of mucus

Question 7

what is purulent sputum like?

Answer 7

Thick, yellow or greenish-yellow, associated with infectious diseases such as pneumonia, bronchiectasis, and abscesses.

Question 8

what is mucoid sputum like?

Answer 8

Clear, grey or white, often seen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma.

Question 9

what is serous sputum like?

Answer 9

Clear, frothy, and sometimes pinkish, associated with pulmonary edema (fluid buildup in the lungs).

Question 10

what does hemoptysis usually indicate?

Answer 10

inflammation or infection that damages the bronchi

Question 11

what are some diseases that cause a V/Q mismatch?

Answer 11

pneumonia, asthma, edema, embolism

Question 12

what can cause problems with the diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to the blood?

Answer 12

a V/Q mismatch

Question 13

when is diffusion into the alveolocapillary membrane impaired? what can this occur with? what are the symptoms?

Answer 13

Impaired when the membrane is thickened or the surface area available for diffusion is decreased.

can occur with edema or fibrosis

cyanosis, confusion, tachycardia and edema

Question 14

where are most of the gene variants that cause asthma located?

Answer 14

gene regions coding for proteins that regulate inflammatory reactions and immune responses

Question 15

what two things do you need to have asthma?

Answer 15

Need the predisposition AND the environmental trigger

Question 16

when listening with a stethoscope, what will the provider find in someone with status asthmaticus?

Answer 16

no air movement in the lungs

Question 17

what is the most common pneumonia in pediatrics?

Answer 17

Respiratory Syncitial Virus

Question 18

what pathogen causes pneumococcal pneumonia?

Answer 18

streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 19

how do pathogens in pneumococcal pneumonia get to the lower resp trac?

Answer 19

they evade the cough reflex and cilia clearance of the upper resp tract

Question 20

what happens when the pathogen that causes pneumococcal pneumonia reaches the lower resp tract?

Answer 20

• TNF and IL1 is released
• widespread inflammation and neutrophil recruitment to alveoli

Question 21

what kind of damage does inflammation from pneumococcal pneumonia lead to?

Answer 21

-inflammation damages bronchial mucous and causes acini and bronchioles to fill with exudate

Question 22

what are the clinical manifestations of pneumococcal pneumonia?

Answer 22

• usually begins as an upper resp tract infection
• cough, fever, chest pain, increased WBC count

Question 23

what do you have a build up of in CF? what does it do to organs?

Answer 23

• mucus
• reduces mucus function over time

Question 24

describe the ion transport problem in CF

Answer 24

Question 25

what do thick secretion of CF in the lungs do? what is usually the cause of death?

Answer 25

• the mucus obstructs the bronchioles and cause chronic infection
• lung failure is often the cause of death

Question 26

what are the signs and symptoms of CF in the lungs?

Answer 26

mucus plugging, chronic bronchitis, chronic lower resp tract infection

Question 27

what are the signs and symptoms of CF in the pancreas?

Answer 27

small statures, fatty diarrhea, fat soluble enzyme deficiencies, diabetes

Question 28

what are other manifestations of CF?

Answer 28

DAM
decreased liver function
abnormal saliva
male infertility