Public Health Flashcards
What is public health?
Organized activity of society to: promote, protect, improve, and restore (when necessary) the health of individuals, specific groups, or the entire population.
In what 6 areas does public health aim to keep communities and populations safe?
Health protection Health promotion Population health assessment Health surveillance Disease and injury prevention Emergency preparedness
What is the focus of public health nursing?
Population focused
What is the context of public health nursing?
Community as context
What are the focuses of public health nursing?
Health and prevention focused
What level are interventions aimed at in public health nursing?
Interventions at community or population level
What is the main concern of public health nursing?
Concern for health of all, particularly vulnerable populations.
What is the goal of public health nursing?
To increase the health of the community (i.e. reduce mortality and morbidity rates) by preventing disease and promoting healthy behaviours and environments
What are the key values in public health nursing?
Strength-based Equity Social justice Diversity Empowerment Public participation Sustainable action Self-determination Determinants of health
Through which public health nursing activities are public health goals accomplished?
Health protection Health surveillance Disease and injury prevention Population health assessment Health promotion Emergency preparedness and response
When did public health nursing emerge as a specialized form of community health nursing in Canada?
Specialized form of CHN that emerged in the early 20th century.
Where were the first two public health nursing schools in Canada, and when did they emerge?
1909 in Hamilton
1910 in Toronto
Which settings are public health nurses working in?
Schools Clinics Street clinics Outpost stations Health centres Health units
What occurred in 1796 regarding public health?
Smallpox vaccine
What occurred in 1865 regarding public health?
TB first classified as infectious
What occurred in 1894 regarding public health?
Diptheria antitoxin
What occurred in 1918 regarding public health?
Spanish influenza pandemic
What occurred in 1919 regarding public health?
National department of health established (moved from charity to civic)
What occurred in 1921 regarding public health?
Public health nurses graduate from UBC
What occurred in 1920’s regarding public health?
Child welfare clinics introduced
What occurred in 1940 regarding public health?
Nurses take over immunizations
What occurred in 1953 regarding public health?
Peak of polio epidemic
What occurred in 1955 regarding public health?
Polio vaccine
What occurred in the early 1960’s regarding public health?
Measles vaccine
What occurred in 1986 regarding public health?
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
What occurred in 1997 regarding public health?
Tobacco Act passed
What occurred in 2000 regarding public health?
Walkerton water contaminated
What occurred in 2003 regarding public health?
SARS pandemic/Naylor report
What occurred in 2004 regarding public health?
Public Health Agency of Canada
What occurred in 2005 regarding public health?
Health Goals for Canada
What occurred in 2009 regarding public health?
H1N1 Influenza Pandemic
What occurred in 2014 regarding public health?
CASN Entry to Practice PHN Competencies
What are some challenges to public health nursing?
PHNs need to regain the visibility of the early PHNs and demonstrate the capacity of nurses to provide leadership in the community health systems of the future.
Reduced funding and increased demands challenge public health nursing. (early postpartum discharge programs, increased immunization schedules, etc., ↑acuity)
Loss of capacity for surveillance has been attributed as a major reason for the resurgence of TB, and new diseases such as AIDS, SARS, and H1N1.
What did the 2013-2016 Strategic Plan focus on?
Preventing Chronic Diseases
What is the Mandate/Role of Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)?
Promote health
Prevent and control chronic diseases and injuries
Prevent and control infectious diseases
Prepare for and respond to public health emergencies
Share Canada’s expertise with the rest of the world
Apply international research and development to Canada’s public health programs
Strengthen intergovernmental collaboration
What are the three branches of Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)?
Infectious disease prevention and control
Health Promotion and chronic disease prevention
Emergency management and corporate affairs
What are the 7 categories of Public Health Core Competencies?
- Core public health sciences
- Assessment and analysis
- Policy development and program planning
- Partnership, collaboration & advocacy
- Diversity and inclusiveness
- Communication
- Leadership skills enhancement for public health
What are the core programs intended to achieve specific health outcomes that were identified by Public Health Renewal?
Health improvement
Prevention of Disease, injury and illness
Environmental health
Public health emergency management
What falls under the public health core program of health improvement?
A. Healthy living
B. Maternal child
what falls under the public health core program of prevention of disease, injury and illness?
A. Communicable disease and prevention of harm.
B. Injury prevention
What falls under the public health core program of environmental health?
Healthy built and natural environments
What falls under the public health core program of public health emergency management?
Preparation, response, recovery, mitigation
Who is the provincial health officer in British Columbia? (name)
Dr. Perry Kendall
Who is the medical health officer for Fraser EAst?
Dr. Andrew Larder
Who is the executive director of Fraser Health?
Tim Shum
Who is the manager of Public Health Abbotsford?
Heidi Paul
Who is the manager of Public Health for Chilliwack and Langley?
Crystal
Who is the supervisor of Chilliwack Public Health?
Sheila Cayer
Who are the supervisors of Abbotsford public health?
Gurpreet Bhatti
Teri Takhar
What is the role/mandate or the Provincial Health Officer?
medical practitioner and certified specialist in community medicine, appointed by Cabinet
Monitors public health in BC
Annual reports, inquires about public health issues when directed and reports to Minster
Independently advises public, Minister, and other government officials on public health issues and need for legislation, policies and practices about those issues
Provides independent advice on health issues to the Minister and Ministry of Health;
Annual Reports to British Columbians on the health of the population and other health issues;
Recommends actions to improve health and wellness;
Reports on progress towards achieving BC’s health goals;
Works with the B.C. Centre for Disease Control.
What is the role/mandate of the Medical Health Officer?
Medical practitioner; typically extra degree in public health
Designated for a specific geographic area
Monitor public health in their area and conduct investigations
Provide annual reports
Independently advise public on public health issues
Independently advise local governments, RHAs, or school boards on PH issues
Advise and consult on Prevention and Early Intervention Programs
Directs Public Health Protection & Licensing Programs
Legislated responsibility in CD control – eg. can mandate detention of TB client
What health promotion and prevention services do Fraser Health offer as part of public health, and for which age groups?
Public Health Nursing Dental Health Services (0 – 3) Hearing Services (Audiology) (0 – 19) Speech and Language Services (0 – 5) Nursing Support Services (0 – 19) Tobacco Reduction & Nutrition
What health protection services do Fraser Health offer as a part of public health?
Environmental health
Community care facilities licensing
What are the 7 Community Health Nurses of Canada Standards of Practice?
Standard 1: Health Promotion
Standard 2: Prevention and Health Protection
Standard 3: Health Maintenance, Restoration and Palliation
Standard 4: Professional Relationships
Standard 5: Capacity Building
Standard 6: Access and Equity
Standard 7: Professional Responsibility and Accountability
What are the 8 publick health nurse discipline specific competencies?
Public health and nursing sciences Assessment and analysis Policy and program planning, implementation and evaluation Partnerships, collaboration and advocacy Diversity and inclusiveness Communication Leadership Professional responsibility and accountability
What are the 5 entry-to-practice public health nursing competencies for undergraduate nursing education?
- Public health sciences in nursing practice
- Population and community health assessment and analysis
- Population health planning, implementation, and evaluation
- Partnerships, collaboration, and advocacy
- Communication in public health nursing
Who is the client in public health nursing? (5)
Individual Family Group/Aggregate Community Population
What is a family crisis?
Family Crisis – not able to cope; disorganized; demands exceed resources.
What is family resilience?
Family Resilience – ability to cope/adapt; capacity to resolve stressors and their effects
What are the 5 main ethical principles in public health?
Harm Principle Least Restrictive or Coercive Means Reciprocity Transparency Relational Autonomy and Social Justice are new
What is the difference in focus between bio-medical ethics and public health ethics?
Bio-medical ethics - focus on individuals
Public health ethics - Focus on populations
What is the difference in who-seeks-who between bio-medical ethics and public health ethics?
Bio-medical ethics - patient seeks clinician
Public health ethics- public health seeks out patients.
What is the difference in goal between bio-medical ethics and public health ethics?
Bio-medical ethics - cure
Public health ethics - prevention
What is the difference in settings between bio-medical ethics and public health ethics?
Bio-medical ethics - clinical settings
Public health ethics - community settings
What is the difference in autonomy between bio-medical ethics and public health ethics?
Bio-medical ethics - patient may reject advice
Public health ethics - Can be hard for patients to opt out
What is the difference in the patient’s best interest between bio-medical ethics and public health ethics?
Bio-medical ethics - should be best interest of patient
Public health ethics - may not be in the best interest of some individuals
What are the 5 steps of the ethics process in public health?
Situation Facts Ethical principles Values Options
What are for examples of information and communication technologies (ICT) in british columbia for public health?
E-health
Canada Health Infoway
BC Alliance on Telehealth Policy and Research
Panorama
What is E-health?
Inculdes telehealth and health informatics
What is Canada Health Infoway?
Main focus is development of electronic health records.
Federally funded corporation.
What are the principles of tele-health nursing?
Nurse –client relationships Competencies and scope Accountability Client Safety Security, confidentiality and privacy Informed consent Professional Practice Environments Evaluation
What is CRNBC’s definition of telehealth?
Communitations and information technology to deliver health and health care services (CRNBC)
What are the two principles of telehealth in BC?
Nurses are accountable for practicing within standards of practice and all relevant policies
Nurses engaged in telehealth are practicing nursing regardless of where the client is located
What is the purpose of E-nursing in Canada?
Puropse - promote and ensure changes that support and quality nursing practices.
What are the three requirements set out for E-nursing?
Access
Competency
Participation
What are the benefits/applications of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) to Public Health?
Surveillance Evidence of program effectiveness Improving standards of practice Electronic records Phone assessments and counseling
What are three international trends that are different than what is seen in Canadian public health? (that we can learn from)
A more diverse disciplinary leadership of public health than is seen in the Canadian context
A growing acceptance and inclusion of mixed methods and qualitative approaches and
The growing importance of knowledge translation between researchers, policy makers and others. (NCCDH, 2015)
What are some challenges of public health nursing (to keep in mind for the future)?
PHNs feel devalued by employers, society.
Funding focuses on acute care, physicians, and pharmaceuticals
Fewer PHNs → increased workload
Becoming program focused
What are some opportunities for growth in public health nursing in the future?
remain aware of evolving CH needs;
ensure adequate education for BSN students;
speak out and advocate;
develop a CoE;
focus program development on health equity
