Community Health: Regional, Provincial, National and International Perspectives

Question 1

Define “community” according to the WHO, 1974.

Answer 1

A community is a social group determined by geographical boundaries and/or common values and interests. (WHO, 1974)

Question 2

Define “community” according to the textbook Stanhope et al, 2017.

Answer 2

People and the relationships that emerge among them as they develop and commonly share agencies, institutions, or a physical environment. (Stanhope et al, 2017)

Question 3

Define “community” according to the UFV nursing program

Answer 3

An organized group of persons bound together by ties of social, cultural, occupational origin or geographic location.

Question 4

Define “population” according to the textbook Stanhope et al, 2017.

Answer 4

A large group of people who share one or more personal or environmental characteristics.

Question 5

What is “community health”?

Answer 5

The process of involving the community in maintaining, improving, promoting, and protecting its own health and well-being. (Stanhope et. al, 2017)

Question 6

Define “social determinants of health” according to the National Collaborating Centres for Public Health as cited in Stanhope et al, 2017.

Answer 6

The social conditions and broader forces that interact to influence risks to health and well-being and affect how vulnerable or resilient people are to disease and injury.
(National Collaborating Centres for Public Health as cited in Stanhope et al, 2017).

Question 7

Define “Social determinants of health” according to Raphael, 2004.

Answer 7

Refers to the quantity and quality of a variety of resources that society makes available to its members (Raphael, 2004).

Question 8

What are the UFV Nursing Program determinants of health categories?

Answer 8

Social support
Environmental factors
  - Physical
  - Political
  - Socioeconomic
Professional resources
Personal resources

Question 9

What are the Public Health Agency of Canada Determinants of Health? (12)

Answer 9

1. Income/Social Status
   
   • Food security (is defined as the ability to acquire or consume an adequate diet including both quality and sufficient quantity of food in socially acceptable ways). About 10% of Canadians experience food insecurity.
2. Social support networks
3. Education (Literacy)
4. Employment and working conditions
5. Physical Environment
   
   • Natural Environment
   • Human-built Environment
6. Biology and Genetic Endowment
7. Personal health practices and coping skills
8. Healthy Child development (prenatally, as well as infancy, preschool, etc.)
9. Health and Social Services
10. Gender
11. Culture
12. Social Environment

Question 10

What is the definition of “Social Determinants of Health” (according to National Collaborating Centres for Public Health as cited in Stanhope et ak 2017)?

Answer 10

The social conditions and broader forces that interact to influence risks to health and well-being and affect how vulnerable or resilient people are to disease and injury.

Question 11

What is the definition of “Social Determinanats of Health” (according to Raphael, 2004)

Answer 11

Refers to the quantity and quality of a variety of resources that society makes available to its members.

Question 12

What is “health inequity” according to alleyne, 2011?

Answer 12

Differences in health that are unnecessary, unfair and avoidable.

Question 13

What is “health inequity” according to WHO, 2008a?

Answer 13

Differences in health that could be avoided if reasonable action was taken.

Question 14

What is “health inequity” according to Health Officers Council of BC?

Answer 14

Health tends to be unevenly distributed among social groups within the population on a gradient corresponding to socioeconomic status.

Question 15

What do most significant health disparities (inequities) relate to in Canada?

Answer 15

socioeconomic status, Aboriginal identity, gender and geographic location
Social DOH tend to be lower on health policy agenda
Public (government) policies determine the distribution of resources and therefore the quality of the social determinants of health

Question 16

What are the five priority areas for policy action in BC regarding health inequities?

Answer 16

Income and food security
Education and literacy
Early childhood development
Housing and healthy built environments
Health care

Question 17

What are three recommendations to reduce health inequities?

Answer 17

Strengthen knowledge base on disparities and their effects
Consider impact of policies across all government ministries and departments
Collaborate across government sectors, between government levels and with all non-governmental partners

Question 18

What is the difference in life expectancy between Aboriginals and non-Aboriginal Canadians?

Answer 18

Aboriginal life expectancy = 75 years

Non-aboriginal life expectancy = 82 years

Question 19

What were the First Nations Health Inequities: Indicators Targeted in BC in 2005? (7 items)

Answer 19

Life expectancy at birth
Mortality rates (due to all causes)
Infant mortality rates
Youth suicide rates
Diabetes rates
Childhood obesity
Numbers of practicing, certified First Nations Health Care Professionals

Question 20

What are the principles of primary health care? (5)

Answer 20

Accessibility
Active Public Participation
Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention and Management
The Use of Appropriate Technology and Innovation
Intersectoral Cooperation and Collaboration

Question 21

What are some reasons to pursue public health care now?

Answer 21

Current global recession
Consistent recommendations from many national commissions
Slipping performance relative to international comparisons on health and health system indicators
Aging population

Question 22

Define “Community health nursing”.

Answer 22

A specialty nursing practice that involves working with clients to preserve, protect, promote, and maintain health.
Nurses work in and with the community in a variety of practice areas.