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Health Promotion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is health promotion according to Green & Kreuter (2005)? (definition)

A

“…any combination of educational, political, regulatory and organizational supports for actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups or communities.” (Green & Kreuter, 2005)

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2
Q

What is health promotion according to WHO (1984), PHAC (2008) and CHNC (2011)? (definition)

A

The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health.

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3
Q

What is health promotion according to UFV? (definition)

A

Any activity or program designed to improve social and environmental living conditions such that a person’s experience of well being is increased

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4
Q

What is health promotion according to CNA (2012)? (definition)

A

The process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health. It embraces actions directed not only at strengthening the skills and capabilities of individuals, but also at changing social, environmental, political and economic conditions to alleviate their impact on public and individual health. Canadian Nurses Association (CNA, 2012)

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5
Q

What are the fundamental concepts (building blocks) for a health promotion program?

A

Building blocks:

  • Injury prevention (primary, secondary, tertiary)
  • Disease prevention (primary, secondary, tertiary)
  • Health protection
  • Risk avoidance
  • Risk reduction
  • Health enhancement
  • Harm reduction
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6
Q

Who is responsible for health? (two levels with examples)

A
  1. Agentic – voluntary, targets individuals. Eg. smoking cessation programs
  2. Structural – targets larger social problems. Eg. making it illegal to smoke in cars with children.
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7
Q

What are the fundamental concepts (building blocks) for a health promotion program?

A

Building blocks:

  • Injury prevention (primary, secondary, tertiary)
  • Disease prevention (primary, secondary, tertiary)
  • Health protection
  • Risk avoidance
  • Risk reduction
  • Health enhancement
  • Harm reduction
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8
Q

What are examples of primary, secondary, and tertiary injury prevention?

A

Examples of primary injury prevention: bike helmet laws, worksafe BC
Examples of secondary injury prevention: head injury education for kids with head injuries from biking without a helmet.
Examples of tertiary injury prevention: providing rehab after a head injury has occurred.
Tertiary prevention = Looking at what to do for recovery or preventing things from worsening eg. wound care treatment, rehab, recovery

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9
Q

What are examples of primary, secondary, and tertiary disease prevention?

A

Primary disease prevention: anticipation and avoidance of immediate risk. Taking steps to prevent the occurrence of disease. Eg. immunization programs. (Eg. Gardasil for HPV prevention/cervical cancer prevention)
Secondary disease prevention: taking steps to stop the disease in its tracks. Eg. Screening for cervical cancer.
Tertiary disease prevention: They already have the disease (eg they have cervical cancer), and we are now treating it and taking steps to reduce the negative effects of the disease.

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10
Q

What is health protection?

A

Health maintenence by focussing on immediate risks. Eg someone who has had a stoke goes into a program at the Y, or someone who has a family history of a disease is taking steps to reduce their chances of getting it.

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11
Q

What is risk avoidance?

A

A disease prevention strategy used to avoid health problems and remain at low risk on the continuum.

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12
Q

What is risk reduction?

A

Disease prevention strategies used to reduce or alter health concerns, so that any disease is detected and treated early to prevent moving to a high risk level.

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13
Q

What is health enhancement?

A

health promotion strategy used to increase health and resiliency to promote optima health and well being. (eg. the friends program

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14
Q

hat is harm reduction?

A

Not forcing that person to make changes to their actions, but providing them with a safer way to do it. Eg. safe injection sites.

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15
Q

What assumptions, beliefs and values are important in health promotion?

A
  • Build healthy public policy
  • Strengthen capacity
  • Explore our own assumptions and values, as well as the assumptions and values of our community.
    Public health and health promotion are strength-based and focus on the strengths of a community, as well as realizing areas for improvement.
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16
Q

What skills would you need for health promotion? What would your practice look like?

A
  • Leadership
  • Assessment
  • Assertiveness
  • Open-mindedness
  • Education/teaching
  • Advocacy
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17
Q

What are the principles of health promotion?

A

Focus on whole population
Directed toward action on SDOH
Combines diverse and complimentary strategies
Aims for public participation
Health professionals have important role to enable health promotion

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18
Q

When was the public health movement in Canada?

A

1840’s-1920’s

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19
Q

When was health education the focus of public health?

A

1920’s-1970’s

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20
Q

When was health promotion the focus of public health?

A

1986-1994

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21
Q

When was there decreased support for health promotion?

A

1994-2007

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22
Q

What were some new elements of public health introduced in the 1980s?

A

New Public Health 1980’s- eg. Population health, Promotion, Health literacy

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23
Q

What happened in 1974 regarding public health in Canada?

A

1974: New Perspectives on the Health of Canadians (LaLonde)

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24
Q

what happened in 1978 regarding public health in Canada?

A

1978 Declaration of Alma Ata

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25
Q

What happened in 1986 regarding public health in Canada? (2 things)

A

1986 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion

1986 Achieving Health for All: A Framework for Health Promotion (Epp)

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26
Q

What are some prerequisites for health laid out by the ottawa charter for Health Promotion? (9)

A 
Peace
Shelter
Education
Food
Income
Stable eco-system
Sustainable Resources
Socaia justice
Equity
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27
Q

What are the three processes for health promotion practice according to the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion?

A

Advocate
Enable
Mediate

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28
Q

What are the health promotion actions laid out by the Ottawa Charter?

A 
Build healthy public policy
Create Supportive Environments
Strengthen Community Action
Develop Personal Skills
Reorient Health Services
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29
Q

What does it mean to build healthy public policy? (as a health promotion action)

A

Ensuring that policy developed by all sectors contributes to health promoting conditions. Eg. banning smoking in cars with children.

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30
Q

What does it mean to create supportive environments? (as a health promotion action)

A

eg. creating smoke-free environments eg. no smoking on planes. We want to live in a healthy physical, social, economic, cultural, and spiritual environment. Ensuring positive impacts on the health of the people amidst the rapidly changing society.

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31
Q

what does it mean to strengthen community action? (as a health promotion action)

A

communities have the capacity to set priorities and make decisions around issues that affect their health.

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32
Q

What does it mean to develop personal skills? (as a health promotion action)

A

enabling people to have the knowledge and skills to meet life’s challenges so they can contribute to society.

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33
Q

What does it mean to reorient health services? (as a health promotion action)

A

we are moving in a direction of health promotion. We need to be respectful of the cultures/needs of societies. We are opening the sectors and finding out where the needs are in communities.

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34
Q

What happened in 1994 in Canada regarding public health?

A

Strategies for Health Promotion: Investing in the Health of Canadians

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35
Q

What happened in 1997 in Canada regarding public health?

A

Fourth Global Conference Jakarta Declaration

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36
Q

What happened in 2004 in Canada regarding public health?

A

Creation of PHAC

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37
Q

What happened in 2005 in Canada regarding public health?

A

Bangkok Charter for Health Promotion in a Globalized World (6th)

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38
Q

What are the prerequisites for health according to the 1997 Jakarta Declaration on Health Promotion?

A 
Ottawa Charter:
Peace
Shelter
Education
Food
Income
Stable eco-system
Sustainable Resources
Socaia justice
Equity
Plus:
Social security
Social relations
Empowerment of women
Respect for human rights
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39
Q

What were the priorities for health promotion in the 21st century that came from the 1997 Jakarta Declaration on Health Promotion?

A
  • promote social responsibility for health
    • increase investments for health development
    • consolidate and expand partnerships for health
    • increase community capacity and empower the
      individual
    • secure an infrastructure for health promotion
40
Q

What was the 2005 Bangkok Charter for Health Promotion in a Globalized World? (what was its focus)

A

First Health Promotion Charter since 1986
Focuses on human rights and equal opportunity
for, not, equity in, health

41
Q

What were the required actions according to the 2005 Bangkok Charter for Health Promotion in a Globalized World?

A

Required Actions:

  • Advocate
  • Invest
  • Build Capacity
  • Regulate and Legislate
  • Partner and Build Alliances
42
Q

What were the five focuses of the 2009 seventh Global Conference on Health Promotion in Nairobi? (Nairobi 2009 Call to Action)

A
  • Community empowerment
  • Health literacy and health behaviour
  • Strengthening health systems
  • Partnerships and intersectoral action
  • Building capacity for health promotion
43
Q

What was the focus of the 8th Global Conference on Health Promotion in Helsinki, Finland 2013?

A

Focus: the way to bring about behaviour change is primarily through the social and economic environments of everyday life and the underlying structural factors that shape these environments.

44
Q

What happened in 1989 in British Columbia regarding health promotion?

A

BC Office of Health Promotion was established

45
Q

What happened in 1992 in British Columbia regarding health promotion?

A

Closer to Home (philosophy) “New Directions for a Healthy BC”

46
Q

What happened in 2005 in British Columbia regarding health promotion?

A

BC Coalition for Health Promotion?

47
Q

What happened in 2007 in British Columbia regarding health promotion? (2)

A

Conversation on Health

BC Healthy Living Alliance

48
Q

What happened in 2011 in British Columbia regarding health promotion?

A

Healthy Families BC

49
Q

What do upstream approaches focus on?

A

Modifying economic, social, historical, political and environmental factors that foster health or are precursors of poor health
- population health

50
Q

What does the downstream approach focus on?

A
  • Short-term, episodic interventions
    • individual directed; costly
    • Aimed at behaviour
51
Q

What is the difference between Health Promotion and Population Health?

A

Health Promotion:

Personal health experience
DOH specific to individual and community
Individual empowered to have active role
Heterogeneity (diversity)
Addresses inequalities for individuals, families, an communities
Bottom-up/top down approach
Uses qualitative approaches to provide evidence

Population Health:

Population group data
DOH for population
Little emphasis on individual
Homogeneity within population
Focus on social and economic influences on health
Top-down approach
Emphasizes quantitative & epidemiological methodologies

52
Q

What is the UFV definition of prevention?

A

Any activity or program designed to reduce the incidence of disease, specific disease risk factors and/or injuries (UFV)

53
Q

What are the levels of prevention?

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

54
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

Environmental protection

Specific protection against disease of injury

55
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

Early diagnosis and treatment

56
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

Prevention of complications and recurrence

57
Q

What is the population health approach? (what does it do/aim to do)?

A

Aims to maintain and improve the health of the entire population.
Aims to reduce inequities in health status among population groups.
Recognizes that many interrelated factors and conditions contribute to health (DOH).

58
Q

what are the benefits of the population health approach?

A

A healthier population makes more productive contributions to overall societal development.
Requires less support in the form of health care and social benefits.
Better able to support and sustain itself over the long term.

59
Q

What is the Population Health Promotion Model? (What does it do?) CCHN, Professional Practice Model and Standards of Practice (2011)

A

Identifies the level of intervention necessary to promote health
Identifies which determinants of health require action or change to promote health
Uses a comprehensive range of strategies to address health related issues.

60
Q

What are some examples of theories and models of health promotion?

A

Education theories
Behaviour Change Theory
Motivational Interviewing
Health Related

61
Q

What are some examples of Behaviour Change Theory? (TTM)

A

Theory of Planned Behaviour

Transtheoretical Model of Change

62
Q

What are some examples of Health Related theories and models of Health Promotion?

A

Health Belief Model
Health Promotion Model
Population Health Promotion Model

63
Q

What is motivational interviewing?

A

Motivational interviewing is a collaborative conversation style for strengthening a person’s own motivation and commitment to change.

64
Q

What are the four components that are “the spirit” of motivational interviewing?

A

Partnership
acceptance
Compassion
Evocation

65
Q

What is partnership (part of the spirit of motivational interviewing)?

A

Partnership - do with, not for, or to a person

66
Q

What is acceptance (part of the spirit of motivational interviewing)?

A

Acceptance - don’t necessarily approve. Means absolute worth, autonomy, accurate empathy and affirmation.

67
Q

What is compassion (part of the spirit of motivational interviewing)?

A

Compassion - actively promote the other’s welfare. Give priority to the other’s needs.

68
Q

What is evocation (part of the spirit of motivational interviewing)?

A

Evocation - evoke what is already present, not installing what is missing. Not the deficit model!

69
Q

What are the four key elements of motivational interviewing?

A

Engaging
Focusing
Evoking
Planning

70
Q

What is engaging? (one of the key elements of the motivational interviewing)

A

Engaging - process of establishing a relationship, connection

71
Q

What is focusing? (one of the key elements of the motivational interviewing)

A

Focusing - process of developing and maintaining a specific direction in the conversation about change.

72
Q

What is evoking? (one of the key elements of the motivational interviewing)

A

Evoking - eliciting the client’s own motivations for change and lies at the heart of motivational interviewing.

73
Q

What is planning? (one of the key elements of the motivational interviewing)

A

Process encompasses both developing commitment to change and formulating a concrete plan of action

74
Q

What are some key communication skills?

A 
Asking open questions
Affirming
Reflecting
Summarizing
Providing information and advice with permission.
75
Q

What are some important things to keep in mind when using motivational interviewing?

A

Stay in spirit of MI
Share information (elicit-provide-elicit)
Consider client readiness
Work with ambivalence – listen for change talk. DARN
OARS
Agenda setting
Collaborative Change Planning

76
Q

What are five health promotion strategies?

A 
Community development
Health advocacy
Policy development
Social marketing
Health education
77
Q

What is community development?

A

Bottom up approach
Professional acts as resource, consultant, facilitator, educator, advocate and role model who empowers community
Community identifies issues and plans actions to address issues
Community benefits from process as well as outcomes
Programs more likely to be successful

78
Q

what is health advocacy?

A

Facilitating empowerment of individuals & groups and building capacity
Educating decision-makers about specific issues
Lobbying for healthy public policies
Health Advocacy – “taking a stand” on an issue

79
Q

What is facilitating empowerment and building capacity? (part of health advocacy)

A

Teaching people how to speak for themselves.

80
Q

What are some educating decision-makers about specific issues? (part of health advocacy)

A
  • Eg. impact of obesity on children and ultimately adults.

- type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, self-esteem

81
Q

What are some examples of lobbying for healthy public policies? (part of health advocacy)

A
  • eg. nutritios food in vending machines
82
Q

What are some components of policy development?

A

Healthy Public Policy
Includes governments at all levels (and all ministries)
Health impact of all public policies should be considered
Should be concerned with equity
Should be accountable to public

83
Q

What is social marketing?

A

Modified form of conventional product and service marketing.

84
Q

what is the purpose of social marketing?

A

To influence social behaviours to benefit the target audience and the general society.

85
Q

What are the five “rights” of social marketing strategy?

A 
Right promotion
Right place
Right product
Right price
Right "publics", partnership, policy, purse strings
86
Q

What is health education?

A

Any combination of learning experiences designed to facilitate voluntary actions conducive to health.

87
Q

What does health education do? What is it based on?

A

Emphasizes voluntary modification of personal behaviours.
Respects competing value systems and human diversity.
Facilitates empowerment and capacity building.
Encourages public participation.
Based on theories and principles.

88
Q

What are the six phases of the Transtheoretical model of change?

A
  1. Pre-contemplation stage
  2. Contemplation stage
  3. Preparation stage
  4. Action
  5. Maintenance
  6. Termination
89
Q

What happens during the pre-contemplation stage of the transtheoretical model of change? (the first stage)

A

Pre-contemplation stage – they aren’t looking at making a change (within the next 6 months) assessing whether they have any interest in the change? You’re providing information on health and risk factors. Eg. do they want to quit smoking? What do they know about it?

90
Q

What happens during the contemplation stage of the transtheoretical model of change? (the second stage)

A

They are thinking about making a change.

91
Q

What happens during the preparation stage of the transtheoretical model of change? (the third stage)

A

The client now has a serious intention. They’re movitated (or getting motivated) to make a change within the next 30 days or so. You want to assist that client to identify any potential barriers to making the change.

92
Q

What happens during the action stage of the transtheoretical model of change? (the fourth stage)

A

The client has initiated the behavioural change.

93
Q

What occurs during the maintenance stage of the transtheoretical model of change? (the fifth stage)

A

they’ve changed their behavior now for greater than 6 months. They have made a significant change and they have maintained the change. You are providing follow-up, working on the prevention of a relapse, and providing ongoing support.

94
Q

What occurs during the terminantion stage of the transtheroetical model of change? (the sixth stage)

A

the client is no longer tempted to re-establish the unhealthy behavior. They’re doing really well, and your role is just capacity building, providing them with strategies to maintain that, and supporting behavior change

95
Q

What are some roles for community health nurses in health promotion?

A

Collaborates with individuals, families, groups, communities, populations to do a comprehensive assessment of strengths and needs.
Uses a variety of data sources including the community wisdom
Seeks to identify root causes of illness and inequities
Considers socio-political influences (Determinants of Health)
Recognizes the impact of political climate, historical context, client readiness.
Facilitates planned change with person, family, group, or community (Population Health Promotion Model)
Intersectoral collaboration to support person(s) to overcome health inequities
Identifies strategies for change that will make it easier to make healthier choices.
Understands and uses social marketing, media, and advocacy strategies, in collaboration with others, to raise awareness of health issues and place issues of social justice on the public agenda.
Applies relevant theories and concepts to shift social norms and change behaviours.
Client centered approach
Evaluates and modifies programs in collaboration.
(CCHN, Professional Practice Model and Standards of Practice, 2011)

Nursing 401 (21 decks)

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