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Revision Notes - Year 2 > Puberty - 203 > Flashcards

Puberty - 203 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts also known as? What week of development are these present by?

A

Meso - Wolffian
Parameso - Mullerian
They begin to form by the 4th week of development

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2
Q

By week 5 germ cells begin to migrate to the gonadal ridge. Where have they come from?
At this stage is the yolk sac connected to the gut tube?

A

They have come from the yolk sac

The yolk sac is still connected to the gut tube.

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3
Q

By what week of development do the primitive cords begin to form?

A

Week 6. They form by epithelium covering the surface of the gonadal ridge beginning to extend into the mesoderm

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the SRY gene?

A

It is needed for male differentiation to occur

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5
Q

What cells produce anti-mullerian hormone?

A

Sertoli cells

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6
Q

What do leydig cells produce?

A

Androgens

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7
Q

In males - what does the tube of the mesonephric duct become?

A

The epididymis, ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct

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8
Q

In males - what do the sex cords become?

A

Rete testis and seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

Where does the prostate gland originate from?

A

The urethra

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10
Q

In females - what does the paramesonephric duct form?

A

The upper part of the vagina, fornices and uterus

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11
Q

What does the lower part of the vagina form from in female development?

A

The urogenital sinus

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12
Q

In female development what does the gubernaculum form?

A

The round and ovarian ligaments. It passes through the inguinal canal into the labium

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13
Q

In males what is the role of the gubernaculum?

A

Guides the descent of the gonads into their final position -> in the scrotum.

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14
Q

Kidney development begins with what structure?

A

Pronephros - this is in the neck!

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15
Q

Does the pronephros have a function in humans?

A

No! It begins to disappear in the 4th week of development

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16
Q

What structure follows the pronephros? What is the final structure?

A

Mesonephros follows the pronephros. This then degenerates by weeks 7-10 and is followed by the metanephros.
The metanephros becomes the adult kidney

17
Q

What 2 structures is the cloaca split into?

A

Urogenital sinus anteriorly. Anal canal.

18
Q

What do the upper and lower parts of the urogenital sinus become?

A

Upper - bladder
Lower - urethra
They are both endoderm-lined

19
Q

What characterises normal puberty?

A

Development of secondary sexual characteristics, acceleration of somatic growth, advancement of bone maturation, behaviour and psychological changes

20
Q

What defines adolescence?

A

10-24 year old. It is the transition of childhood dependence to adult autonomy.

21
Q

What does LH act on during puberty?

A

The gonads -> causes them to increase the secretion of testosterone/oestrogen.

22
Q

What does the hypothalamus release during puberty?

A

GnRH

23
Q

What is the 1st sign of puberty in boy and in girls>

A

Boys - increase in testes size to >4mls

Girls - breast development

24
Q

What must the testicular volume be in boys before the growth spurt starts?

A

10-12mls

25
Q

In boys, what cells does LH act on? What effect does this have?

A

Leydig cells, causes the production of testosterone, which acts on sertoli cells which then produce inhibit and oestradiol.

26
Q

Roughly how many cm are boys and girls expected to grow during adolescence? What is the reason for the discrepency?

A

Girls - 25cm
Boys - 28cm
Boys are later going into puberty and therefore have 2 more years of normal growth

27
Q

What can be given to boys to induce puberty and growth?

A

Oxandrolone (an anabolic steroid)

28
Q

How is assessing consonance and non-consonance useful in determining the drive of precocious puberty?

A

Consonance (normal pattern) suggests that puberty is centrally driven (hypo-pit axis)
Non-consonance suggests puberty is peripherally driven, e.g. adrenal/gonadal tumours

29
Q

What defines delayed puberty in boys and girls?

A

Boys - failure of testicular growth by 14 years

Girls - absence of breast development by 13.5 years OR absence of menstruation 3 years after breast development

30
Q

List some possible causes of delayed puberty

A

Genetic, disruption of hypo-pit control, lack of gonadotrophins (e.g. kalmann’s), chronic illness, environment

31
Q

What investigations are done into pubertal problems?

A 
Hormone levels - FSH/LH, oestrogen, testosterone, etc
Pelvic USS
Bone age
Karyotype
CT/MRI cranium
32
Q

What determines precocious puberty in girls and boys?

A

Girls - before 8 years (90% idiopathic)

Boys - before 9 years (60% pathology)

Revision Notes - Year 2 (35 decks)

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