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Revision Notes - Year 2 > ENT - 208 > Flashcards

ENT - 208 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the ear?

A
  • To collect sound from the environment, amplify it and convert it into neural impulses.
  • Contribute to detection of gravity
  • Detect movement of the head and body
  • Stabilise vision
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2
Q

Name the parts of the outer ear

A 
Pinna
Ear Canal
Lobule
Helix & antihelix
Tragus
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3
Q

Name the constituents of the middle ear

A

Ear drum, ossicles, facial nerve, auditory tube

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4
Q

Name the parts of the inner ear

A

Cochlea, semicircular canals, utricle, saccule

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5
Q

What are the ossicles?

A

Small bones of the middle ear - Malleus, Incus, Stapes

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6
Q

Outer and middle ear pathologies/problems cause what kind of deafness?

A

Conductive deafness

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7
Q

Inner ear problems causes what kind of deafness?

A

Sensorineural

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8
Q

Give some examples of disorders of the outer and middle ear

A
  • Perforations and retractions
  • Cholesteatoma
  • Otosclerosis
  • Glue ear
  • Otitis externa
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9
Q

What is the function of the outer ear?

A

Sound amplification

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10
Q

What kind of abnormalities can affect the pinna?

A

Deformed pinna, canal atresia, pinnal atresia

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11
Q

What is the medical term for surfer’s ear? What is surfer’s ear?

A

Exostoses. This is bone growth that can block the ear canal

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12
Q

Which ossicle is the ear drum attached to?

A

The malleus

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13
Q

What can cause ear drum perforations?

A

Infection, trauma, surgery.

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14
Q

How are perforations usually treated?

A

The normally aren’t. Some might require a hearing aid or surgery but this is rare

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15
Q

Name a common cause of ear drum retraction

A

Glue ear

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16
Q

What does glue ear predispose to>

A

Acute suppurative otitis media

17
Q

What is a cholesteatoma?

A

Skin in the middle ear, caused by a combination of normal migration and abnormal ear pressure (-ve middle ear pulls pars flaccida inwards)

18
Q

What is the role of the eustachian tube and where does it run to/from?

A

It runs from the nasopharynx to the middle ear. It is responsible for maintaining atmospheric air pressure within the middle ear.

19
Q
  • Conductive hearing loss
  • Foul, green discharge,
  • Painless
  • Complications e.g. facial N paralysis, meningitis, mastoid abscess, brain abscess
    These are all characteristics of WHAT?
A

Cholesteatoma

20
Q

What is otosclerosis?

A

Abnormal bone growth near the middle ear -> at the fissula ante finestram. This causes ankylosis of footplate and poorer sound transmission to cochlea.
Results in conductive hearing loss

21
Q

What are the treatment options for otosclerosis?

A

Hearing aid -> these are v. helpful

Surgery -> piston placed through stapedotomy and wire put around incus

22
Q

Name some treatment options for glue ear

A

Conservative ‘watch and wait’
Grommets
Hearing aid

23
Q

Name some disorders of the inner ear

A 
Presbyacusis
Noise damage
Acoustic neuroma
Vestibular syndromes (e.g. meniere's)
Vestibular neuritis (e.g. BPPV)
24
Q

What is BPPV?

A

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

25
Q

What is presbyacusis?

A

Age-related hearing loss that results in the loss of high frequency hearing first
- Consonants are high frequency (vowels low) - this makes understanding difficult

26
Q

What is acoustic neuroma also known as?

A

Vestibular schwannoma

27
Q

What is a vestibular schwannoma/acoustic neuroma?

A

Benign intracranial tumour of CNVIII schwann cells.

28
Q

What is the prevalence of otosclerosis?

A

1:10, although only 1:100 experience disease

29
Q

Why are facial nerve symptoms of acoustic neuroma often a very late presentation yet hearing loss and tinnitus occur much earlier?

A

The facial nerve is a motor nerve and is therefore very resilient - often no facial nerve symptoms are seen until the nerve is almost completely squashed

30
Q

What is wrong in this patient?
BC>AC in left ear.
Weber’s lateralises to left ear

A

Conductive hearing loss in left ear

31
Q

Describe the results for Weber’s and Rinne’s test for a patient with a sensorineural hearing loss in the left ear

A

Weber’s lateralises right

Rinne’s normal in left and right

32
Q

What kind of movement do the semicircular canals detect?

A

Rotational movement

33
Q

What kind of movement do the utricle and saccule detect?

A

Linear movement

34
Q

Which manoeuvre can diagnose BPPV?

A

Dix-Hallpike

35
Q

Which manoeuvre can treat BPPV?

A

Epley -> works 85% of the time.

Revision Notes - Year 2 (35 decks)

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