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funky monkey > Psychopharmocology > Flashcards

Psychopharmocology Flashcards

1
Q

What does pharmacodynamics refer to

A

THe means by which a psychotropic agent has an impact on receptors, enzymes, ion channels and chemical transporter systems

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2
Q

What does pharmacokinetics refer to

A

The way in which a psychotropic agent is passed thruogh the body

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3
Q

What is absoprtion

A

The transfer of psychotropic agents into the bloodstreem

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4
Q

What is distribution

A

How th psycotoropic drug crosses into the central nervous system from the bloodstream

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5
Q

What does metabolism mean

A

THe process of a drug’s molecular structure changing and its pharmacological properties

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6
Q

Where does metabolism generally happen

A

In the liver

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7
Q

What does elimination refer to

A

The removal of psychotropic agents from the body usually through urination or sometimes respiration

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8
Q

What characteristics impact pharmacokinetics

A
  1. Age
  2. Physiological function
  3. Gender
  4. Disesase
  5. Nutrition
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9
Q

WHat is half-life

A

The average time it takes to eliminate one-half o the drug’s concentration from one’s system

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10
Q

What is the therapeutic dose

A

THe drug concentration that gives a desired response

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11
Q

What is the toxic dose

A

When the drug concentration causes mild or severe side effects

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12
Q

What is the therapeutic index

A

The ratio of the toxic to therapeutic dose - a higher therapeutic index is more desirable

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13
Q

What is a loading dose

A

Starting on a high does to botain a desired response faster

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14
Q

What is potentiation

A

When one drug enhances the effect of a second drug

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15
Q

What is synergism

A

When one drug enhances the second drug significantly more than expected

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16
Q

What are some examples of depressant drugs

A

Alcohol, sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics, inhalants

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17
Q

What are some examples of cannabinoids

A

Marijuana

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18
Q

What are some examples of opioids

A

heroin, morphine, codeine

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19
Q

WHat are some examples of hallucinogens

A

LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, PCP

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20
Q

What are some examples of stimulants

A

Ampheamines, cocaine, caffiene

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21
Q

What category do antidepressants, antipsychotics and mood stabilisers come under

A

Psychotropic medications

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22
Q

What are the two parts of the nervous system

A
  1. Central Nervous system

2. The peripheral nervous system

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23
Q

What nervous system do psychotropic drugs impact

A

The Central nervous system

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24
Q

What is included in the central nervous system and what is it responsible for

A

The brain, spinal cord and network of neurons and is responsible for sending, receiving and interpreting information from all parts of the body

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25
Q

How do Neurons work

A

They use neurotransmitters to communicate with one another

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26
Q

WHat are neurotransmitters

A

The chemicals that communicate information through our brain and body by relaying signals betweeen neurons

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27
Q

What is pharmacodynaics

A

How psychotropics impact the way information is transmitted through neurotransmitters

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28
Q

What is acetylcholine associated with

A
  1. Memory
  2. Learning
  3. Attention
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29
Q

What is Epiinephrine associated with

A
  1. Fight flight or freeze

2. Anxiety

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30
Q

Where does epinephrine get produced

A

It is secreted by endocrine glands above the kidneys and adrenal glands

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31
Q

What is norepinephrine associated with

A
  1. Wakefulness

2. Alertness

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32
Q

What is dopamine associated with

A
  1. Reward
  2. Behavioural regulation
  3. Movement
  4. Learning
  5. Mood
  6. Attention
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33
Q

What neurotransmitters are associated with Schizophrenia and also activated by amphetamines and cocaine

A

Dopamine

34
Q

What is serotonin associated with

A
  1. Inhibition of activity and behaviour
  2. Mood regulation
  3. Appetite
  4. SLeep
35
Q

What does GABA do

A

It inhibits action and decreases neural transmission preventing over excitation

36
Q

What drugs increase GABA

A

Barbiturates and benzodiazepine

37
Q

What 3 personality disorders are in cluster A of the DSM and what drugs can be used to treat these disorders

A
  1. Paranoid
  2. Schizoid
  3. Schizotypal

Atypical antipsychotic medication at a low dose

38
Q

What are some examples of antipsychotic medication

A

Clozapine,Risperidon Olanzapine

39
Q

What personality disorder are included in cluster B of the DSM and what drugs can be used to treat them

A
  1. Antisocial
  2. BOrderline
  3. Histrionic
  4. Narcissistic

Can be treated with duloxetine and SSRI antidepressants

40
Q

What personality disorders are included in cluster C of the DSM and what drugs can be used to treat them

A
  1. Avoidant
  2. Dependent
  3. Obsessive comuplsive

These can be treated wtih SSRIs or sometimes a long acting benzodiazepine

41
Q

What are some examples of benzodiazepines

A
  1. Klonopin

2. Buspar

42
Q

What medication can be used for anxiety/sedation and self harming

A

Neurontin - anxiety

Revia - self-harming

43
Q

What is used to treat ADHD

A

Ritalin which is a dexamphetamine of mephinidate

44
Q

What is an issue with Ritalin and how is it managed

A

It only lasts a few hours so is taken twice daily

45
Q

What are some side effects of Ritalin

A

Hyperactivity and severe insomnia

46
Q

What are some longer acting forms of medication for ADHD

A

VYnvase and Ritaline LA

47
Q

What can be used to treat ADHD if the client is also abusing a substance

A

Atomoxetine or Strattera

48
Q

What medication is used to manage mania

A

In order to control elevated mood sedating drugs are used as well as a mood stabilising drug like Lithium

49
Q

What are some of the downsides of Lithium

A

It needs to be monitored very closely because it can become toxic resulting dyhydration, a tremor, impact cognition and lead to death

50
Q

What is an alternative to lithium

A

Valproate Eiplim which is mildly sedating and can address insomnia and aggressiveness

51
Q

What is the risk of Valporate

A

there can be liver inflamation although this is rare

52
Q

What is Tegretol and what are its side effects

A

It is a mood stabiliser and can lead to lack of coordianation, dizziness and stomach upset

53
Q

When is aricept used for demention

A

When the mini mental state is greater than 10

54
Q

What are some side effects of aricept and what does it do

A

Slows cognitive decline but can lead to diarrhoea, muscle cramps, fatigue and nausea

55
Q

What antipsychotic medication is used in dementia

A

Risperdal

56
Q

What has previously been used to treat anxiety and what are the issues with its use

A

Valium- Diazepam and benzodiazepines. The issue with their use is depnedency and tolerance to the drugs as well as mild cogntiive decline and decreased problem-solving capacity

57
Q

What is an alternative to diazepam and benzodiazepines to treat anxiety

A

antidepressants however they do not work as fast as diazepam and benzodiazepines

58
Q

What population are likely to consum benzodiazepines and what is the significance of this

A

Drug abusers in the jsutice system do and this tends to lead to disinhibited behaviorus that may result in reoffending

59
Q

What is the purpose of beta blockers and what patients should not use these

A

They reduce sympathetic nervous system actvity but can not be used when a patient has asthma

60
Q

What do modern antidepressnats mostly target

A

Serotonin

61
Q

Name 3 antidepressants and their brand name

A
  1. Sertraline - Zoloft
  2. Citalopram - Cipramil
  3. Fluoxetin - Prozac
62
Q

What can you use if SSRI’s are not effective

A

Agents that target the noradrenaline system such a mirtazpine alson known as Avanza

63
Q

What new antidepressant targets the melatonin system and how does it help

A

Agomelatine or Valdoxan and it improves circadian rhythms

64
Q

What are some side effects of antidepressants

A

anxiety, agitation, non-specific gastric side effects, constriction of mood, sexual side effects

65
Q

HOw long does it take the side effects of antidepressants to subside

A

10 days

66
Q

What makes initiation of treatment difficult with antidepressants and how is it sometimes managed

A

People with depression are often sensitive anxious symptoms and agitation so worsening of symptoms can put them off. Sometimes benzodiazepines are administerd at the same time to counterac these effects.

67
Q

WHat age group have an increase risk of suicide when first initiating antidepressants and why

A

young adults perhaps due to the agitating effects in the early treatment phase

68
Q

What type of antidepressants are safe in pregnancy

A

SSRIs

69
Q

How can treatment resistant depression be address throuh medication

A

Through the use of multiple antideprssants, a mood stabilser or antipsychotic as well as hormonal treatments like thyroxine

70
Q

What treatment is used for OCD

A

Antidepressants in particular clomipramine or Anafranil

71
Q

What is used to treat the delusions and hallucinations in schizophrenia

A

Antipsychotics

72
Q

What can be used for treatment resistant schizophrenia

A

Clozaril but this is only dispensed if the white cell coutn is satisfactory as well as mood stabilisers

73
Q

What is an issue when treating schizophrenia and how is overcome

A

Non-adherence due to poor insight, this can be coutneracted by long acting injectable forms of antipsychotics like Haldol

74
Q

How is persisten aggression in schizophrenia treated

A

Longacting clopixol injections each fortnight

75
Q

What is a side effect of long term antipsychotic use

A

involuntary movement disorder, tardive dyskinesia

76
Q

What are the consequences of obstructive sleep apnoea and how is treated

A

Significant cognitive slowing and depression of mood it is treated through continuous positive airway pressure treatment and can also be treated modafanil

77
Q

What are some short term treatments fo insomnia and what are the problems associated with it

A

Benzodiazepines such as temaze or serepax. The issue is that tolerance builds quickly and it leads to daytime sedaiton which reduces motivation to implement lifestyle cahnges that could help with insomnia

78
Q

What is the issue with Stilnox

A

It has been associated with dissociative amnesia and impulsive disinhibited behaviour at night. It has been used as defence in assault cases and can be associated with suicide due to increase of impulsive actions

79
Q

What treatment is used for alcohol dependence and barriers exist when using it

A

Campral or acamprosate it is take 3 times a day which can not be adhered to because of the high frequency

80
Q

What drug of abuse is Naltrexone or ReVIa used to treat and how does it work

A

Opiods and it reverse the subjective effects of opioids

funky monkey (36 decks)

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