Diagnostic Classification systems Flashcards
What are the 2 main diagnositc classification systems used in psychology
- The Diagnostic and Statistial Manual of Mental disorders 5 edition
- International Classification of Diseases Tneth revision
What does th ICD-10 do
It lissts codes of disease and their signs and symptoms as well as other relevant information to inform diagnosis of mental illness
What are some draw backs of the way the Australian Bureau of Statistics collects Mental Health Infromation
- IT uses the ICD-10 which has different criteria to the DSM which leads to prevalence rates taht do not directly compare with the DSM -5
- THe way the ABS groups their information there is not specific statistics for particular disorders
- The survey data is based on self report rather than clinical diagnosis
- There is always a lag between the publication and collection of the ABS for example the most recent ABS health survey conducted in 2012 has not yet been released
What should be used instead of teh ABS information on Mental Health
The DSM-5 statistics
What is Adjustment disorder
A behavioural or emotional reaction in response to an identifiable situation or event in a person’s life
What is the time period between onset of symptoms and event for adjustment disorder
3 months
What are the two most important factors for diagnosis of adjustment disorder 1
- The response is out of proportion to the event
2. There is significant impairment in the person’s ability to function in some are of their life social or occupational
When is adjustment disorder diagnosis exclued
- Normal Bereavement
- Exacerbation of another preexisting disorder
- If symptoms persist fo longer than 6 months after the end of the identified stressor
What are the 5 subtypes of adjustment disorder
- With depressed mood
- With anxious mood
- WIth mixed anxiety and depressed mood
- With disturbance of conduct
- With mixed disturbance of emtions and conduct
What are the outpatient and inpatient prevalence rates of adjustment disorder
Outpatient - 5% to 20%
Inpatient - can be as high as 50%
What are the 4 criteria required for a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder
- Persistent disregard for and violation of the rights of others since the age of 15
- Person must be at least 18 years of age at the time of diagnosis
- Behaviour prior to age 15 would have support a diagnosis of conduct disorder
- Must not occur in the context of schizophrenia or bipolar
What are the 7 patterns of antisocial behaviour
- criminal activity
- lying or Manipulation
- Lack of remorse
- Impulsivity
- Fighing or assault
- Disregard of the safety of self or others
- Irresponsibility
WHat is the prevalence rates of antisocial personality disorder in forensice settings vs non-forensic settiongs
Can be greater to 70% in forensic
0.2% to 3.3% in non-forensic
What type of disorder is ADHD
A neurodevelopmental disorder
What defines ADHD
A pattern of inattention or hyperactivity-imuplsivity behaviour that persists for at least 6 months and clearly interferes with function or development in multiple domains
What is the criteria for diagnosis of ADHD for those under 17
Must have 6 or more symptoms from the inattention and or hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms
What is the criteria for diagnosis of ADHD for those over 17
5 or more symptoms
What are the inattention symptoms of ADHD
- Often makes careless mistakes
- Difficulty sustaining attention
- Not listening
- Is easily side-tracked
- Difficulty organising tasks
- Avoidance of tasks requiring sustained mental effort
- Losing things
- Easily distracted
- Being forgetful in daily activities
What are the hyperactivity or impulsivity symptoms of ADHD
- Often fidgeting
- LEaving their seat
- Restlessness - adults
- Inapppropriate running around
- unable to play quietly - for adults unable to quietly engage in leisure activities
- Difficulty being stil for an extended time
- Excessive takling
- Blurtin out answers
- Difficulty turn taking
- OFten interrupts others
What are the qualifiying factors for an ADHD diagnosis
- Several symptoms present prior to age 12
- Symptoms are not better explained by another disorder
- Symptoms do not occur in the context of a psychotic disorder
What are the specifications of severity for ADHD
- Mild
- Moderate
- Severe
What are the prevalence rates of ADHD
5% for children 2.5% for adults
What type of disorder is ASD
A neurodevelopmental disorder
What are the 3 diagnostic criteria for ASD
- Social deficits in communication and interaction
- Behavioural deficits
- Evidence of deficits in early development even if not recognised at the time
What is included in the Social Deficits Criteria of ASD
- Lack of reciprocity
- Facial expression
- Eye contact
What is included in the behavioural deficits criteria of ASD
- Restricted or repetitive interests
2. Abnormal sensory response
What are some key factors needed for a diagnosis of ASD
Defecits impair functioning, deficits cannot be better explained by ID or global developmental delay
What is also important the diganosis of ASD
Functional impairment measured through an adaptive test?
What is the prevalence rates of ASD
1% across adults and child population
What distinguishes Bipolar 1 from related disorders
It can only be diagnosed with evidence of at least one manic episode during the person’s lifetime
What are the 4 criteria of a manic episode
- Emotional/behavioural changes that last a week and are present on most days
- Requires 3 or moresymtpomsbe present to a signifiant degree during the mood disturbance 4 required if the category is irritable mood
- The disturbance causss marked impairment in function or requires hospitalisation due to safety concerns
- Excludes episodes attributed solely to drugs or a medical condition
What are the emotion and behavioural changes during a manic episode
Emotional - elevated, expansive or irritable mood at an abnormal level
Behavioural - Persistent and abnormal increases in energy or goal-directed behaviour
What are the symptoms of the second criteria of bipolar
- Inflated self-esteem
- Less need for sleep
- Being more talkative
- Racing thoughts
- Being easily distracted
- Increases in goal directed or purposeless actvity
- Engaging in risky impulsive behaviour
Do individuals with Bipolar 1 also demonstrate hypomania and depressive episodes
Yes
What is Hypomania
a mood state or energy level that is elevated above normal, but not so extreme as to cause impairment — the most important characteristic distinguishing it from mania
What are the prevalence 12 month prevalence rate in Australia for Bipolar 1
Women - 1.6%
Men - 1.8%
What are the criteria for a diagnosis of bipolar II
- The presence of both a current or past hypomanic episode and a current or past major depressive episode
What is the difference between the criteria for ahypomanic episode and a manic episode
Hypomanicepisode criteria is shorter 4 days as opposed to a week
What is the 3rd, 4th and 5th criteria for a hypomanic episode
- The episode is unchracteristic to the person’s usual behaviour
- THe change is observable by others
- The episode is not severe enough to cause marked impairment or hospitalisation
What prescription medication may create symptoms similar to hypomania and what are the symptoms
Antidepresssant medication
- Irratibility
- Edginess
- Agitation
What are the criteria required for a major depressive episode
- Depressed mood most of the day nearly every day - this may be irritability in children and adolescents
- Diminisehd pleasure or interest in almost all activities most of the day nearly every day
- Gaining or losing 5% or more of body weight in a month without dieting or having an increase or decrease in appetite most days
- SLeeping too little or too much nearly every day
- Being observably either physically agitated or slwoed down
- Feeling tired or less energetic most days
- Feeling worthless or guilty nearly every day
- Reduced concentration or indecisiveness
- Suicidal thoughts with or without a plan
How many of the symptoms are required to meet a depressive episode
5
How can Borderline personality disorder be described
As a long-term pattern of instability across the domains of relationships, self-image, mood as well as impulsive behaviour.
To meet the criteria for BPD how many of the symptoms must an individual exhibit
5
What are the criteria for BPD
- Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
- Intense and unstable relationships that tend to alternate between being seen as perfect or worthless
- Unstable sense of self
- Impulsive behaviour in at least two areas that can be self damaging
- Recurrent suicidal threats or action or self-mutilating
- Unstable modd that is highly reactive to changes in circumstances
- Feelings of emptiness
- Intense and difficult to control anger
- Stress-related paranoid ideas or dissociative symptoms
What are the prevalence rates of BPD
1.6% to 5.9%
Are there higher rates of BPD in out patient or inpatient psychiatric care
THere are higher rates in outpatient care 10%