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Neuroscience > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Delusion

A

A false belief strongly held in spite of contrary evidence

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2
Q

Dissociative thinking

A

A condition, seen in schizophrenia, that is characterized by disturbances of thought and difficulty relating events properly.

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3
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A severe psychopathology characterized by negative symptoms such as emotional withdrawal and impoverished thought, and by positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions.

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4
Q

Positive symptom

A

A behavior that is gained in a disorder. Ex. Hallucinations, delusions, excited motor behavior in schizophrenia.

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5
Q

Negative symptom

A

A symptom that reflects insufficient functioning. Ex emotional and social withdrawal, blunted affects, slowness and impoverishment of thought and speech.

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6
Q

Concordant

A

Any trait that is seen in both individuals in a pair of twins

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7
Q

Discordant

A

Any t hat that is seen in only one individual of a pair of twins.

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8
Q

Endophenotype

A

Behavioral or physical characteristic accompanying susceptibility to a particular disorder. Used to identify those at risk

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9
Q

DISC -1

A

“Disrupted in schizophrenia”. If knockout in mice, get disordered behavior.

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10
Q

Ventricular abnormalities

A

Bigger ventricles, take away from limbic system, smaller amygdala–> blunted affect. Pyramidal cells in hippocampus are disorganized.

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11
Q

Cortical abnormalities

A

Hypofrontal hypothesis- less activation. Difficulty with tasks involving frontal cortex w schizophrenia. Ex working memory, attention, inhibition of responses. Basis of frontal lobotomy.

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12
Q

Dopamine hypothesis

A

Schizophrenia results from either excessive levels of synaptic DA or excessive postsynaptic sensitivity to DA.

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13
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

Reduced positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Typical neuroleptic

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14
Q

Neuroleptics

A

Aka antipsychotics. A class of drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia typically by blocking DA receptors. Or GLU

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15
Q

Amphetamine psychosis

A

A delusional and psychotic state, closely resembling acute schizophrenia that is brought on by repeated or high use of amphetamine. Works on DA receptors.

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16
Q

Glutamate hypothesis

A

Schizophrenia may be caused, in part, by understimulation of GLU receptors. Not enough GLU to override DA. Found by observation of PCP activity

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17
Q

Psychomimetic

A

A drug that induces a state resembling schizophrenia.

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18
Q

Clozapine

A

Atypical neuroleptic. Selectively blocks 5HT receptors but not DA receptors. For schizophrenia

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19
Q

Environmental contributors

A

Prenatal events, nutrition, drugs and alcohol, early life stress, viruses.

20
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

Freq confused with schizophrenia. Alternating moods. Manic episodes look like schizophrenia. Same genetics as schizophrenia

21
Q

Manic episode

A

Caused by high rate of dumping of NE, 5HT, and DA (monoamines), increases reactivity of brain

22
Q

Depressive episode

A

Rapid depletion of NE, 5ht, and DA.

23
Q

Bipolar disorder treatments

A

Atypical neuroleptics working on 5HT receptors and lithium.

24
Q

Lithium

A

Most effective at treating bipolar disorder. Works w circadian clock, boosts bdnf.
Blocks overexpression of monoamines.
Narrow safety margin.

25
Q

Unipolar depression

A

Reduced activity, decreased interest in eating, sleep- circadian rhythm off. Sadness, loss of interest, concentration.
Many genes implicated

26
Q

Brain changes

A

Increased prefrontal cortex and amygdala, decrease other cortical areas

27
Q

Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)

A

Increased connectivity btw frontal cortex and other areas (opposite lobotomy). Last resort treatment. Do not have to put too much electricity in.

28
Q

MAO

A

An enzyme that breaks down and thereby inactivated monoamine transmitters. MAOis inhibit. But inhibit MAOs everywhere in body.

29
Q

Reserpine

A

A drug that causes depletion of monoamines and can lead to depression

30
Q

Tricyclics

A

Drugs that inhibit reuptake of monoamines so they increase monoamine activity

31
Q

SSRIs

A

Block channel to reuptake serotonin but not other monoamines. Increase GABA and hippocampal neurogenesis. Also have SSRF for NE.

32
Q

Serotonin syndrome

A

Syndrome of confusion, muscle spasms, and fever that may occur when brain levels of 5HT are too high; a risk of taking SSRI

33
Q

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

A

Mild electrical through an electrode that is surgically implanted deep in the brain.

34
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary -adrenal axis (HPA)

A

High cortisol, depression inducing stress rxn.

35
Q

Dex suppression test

A

A test of the pituitary-adrenal function in which the subject is given dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid hormone, which should cause a decline in the production of adrenal corticosteroids. If have depression, do not stop secreting cortisol.

36
Q

Sleep patterns in depression

A

Cycle is one phase advanced. More intense R.E.M., a lot no stage 3 and 4 sleep

37
Q

Learned helplessness

A

decrease 5HT and DA. Learn that nothing they do matters, don’t try to do anything

38
Q

Anxiety disorder

A

Any class of psychological disorders that include recurrent panic stage, generalized persistent anxiety dis, and ptsd. Assoc with increased vigilance and orientation to environment

39
Q

GABA activity in anxiety

A

Decreased. Depressants bind and act as noncompetitive agonists of GABA to increase inhibitory behavior.

40
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

A class of anti anxiety drugs that bind with high affinity to receptor molecules in the cns. Ex diazepam (Valium). Not as debilitating as barbiturates.

41
Q

Anxiolytics

A

A class of substances that are used to combat anxiety. Ex alcohol, barbs, benzodiazepines. And allopregnanolone.

42
Q

PTSD

A

A disorder in which memories of an unpleasant episode repeatedly plague the victim. Hippocampus is smaller in ppl with ptsd- more susceptible.

43
Q

Fear conditioning

A

Form of learning in which fear comes to be associated with a previously neutral stim. In ptsd

44
Q

OCD

A

A syndrome in which the affected individuals engages in recurring, repetitive acts that are carried out without reason or the ability to stop.

45
Q

Neural loop.

A

Frontal cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, back to cortex. Stuck in this loop in OCD. Basal ganglia forms habitual behaviors.

Neuroscience (17 decks)

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