Memory And Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information, behavior patterns, or abilities, characterized by modifications of behavior as a result of practice study, or experience.

Question 2

Memory

Answer 2

The ability to retain info, based on the mental process of learning or encoding, retention across some interval of time, and retrieval or reactivation of the memory. The specific info that is stored in the brain.

Question 3

Patient HM

Answer 3

A patient who, because of damage to the medial temporal lobe structures, was unable to encode new declarative memories. Could still encode implicit memories.

Question 4

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 4

Difficultly in retrieving memories formed before the onset of amnesia

Question 5

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 5

The inability to form new memories beginning with the onset of a disorder

Question 6

Confabulations

Answer 6

Make up answer in place of memory bc don’t remember and say that it is always true. Korsakoff’s patients did.

Question 7

Patient NA

Answer 7

Damage to diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus). No declarative memory and anterograde amnesia.

Question 8

Patient KC

Answer 8

Motorcycle accident-extensive cortical damage. Lack of new declarative memory, can acquire new semantic memories, remembers semantic memories. Loss of episodic memories.

Question 9

Encoding

Answer 9

A stage of memory formation which the info entering sensory channel is passed into short term memory

Question 10

Consolidation

Answer 10

A stage of memory formation in which info in short term memory or intermediate term memory is transferred to long term memory. Requires hippocampus to do.

Question 11

Consolidation pathway

Answer 11

Hippocampus sends info to cortex in area where first recognized. Use granule cells feed into system

Question 12

Retrieval

Answer 12

A process in memory during which a speed memory is used by an organism

Question 13

Fusiform gyrus

Answer 13

Recognizes faces

Question 14

Declarative memory

Answer 14

Semantic (knowledge), and episodic (biographical).

Question 15

Non-declarative memory

Answer 15

Skills, priming (give info the alter behavior later), and conditioning

Question 16

Classical conditioning

Answer 16

US to trigemical nucleus, to cranial nucleus, to nictating memory(UR). When conditioned, cerebellum activated by signal, elicits response.

Question 17

Learning changes

Answer 17

Amount of NT released, interneurons release from presyn cell, formation of new synapses (increase dendritic spines).

Question 18

Enriched environments

Answer 18

Large environment, high intersection, lots of toys. Thicker, heavier cortex. Increase cholinergic cells/synapses and dendrites.

Question 19

Habituation

Answer 19

Decrease response as a result of experience. Think stimulus isn’t important. Ex: slug

Question 20

Sensitization

Answer 20

Opposite of habituation, every time stim presented, get more intense response. Nonassociative learning.

Question 21

Dishabituation

Answer 21

The restoration of response amplitude following habituation

Question 22

Reconsolidation

Answer 22

The return of a memory trace to stable long-term storage after it has been temporarily made volatile during the process of recall.

Question 23

Hebbian synapse

Answer 23

A synapse that is strengthened when it successfully drives the postsynaptic cell.

Question 24

Cell assembly

Answer 24

A large group of cells that tend to be active at the same time bc they have been activated simultaneously or in close succession in the past. Can change as a result of experience

Question 25

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 25

A stable and enduring increase in the effectiveness of synapses following repeated strong stim

Question 26

LTP pathway

Answer 26

EC (temporal cortex), to DG (dentate gyrus), to CA3, to CA1 (perforont pathway) in hippocampus.

Question 27

NMDA receptor

Answer 27

A GLU receptor in also binds the GLU agonist NMDA and that is both ligand-gated (Mg) and voltage-sensitive. (Ca).

Question 28

AMPA receptor

Answer 28

A GLU receptor that also binds the GLU agonist AMPA. Depolarizes cell, kicks off Mg of NMDA receptor, allows GLU to bind which allows Ca to come in.

Question 29

Protein kinases

Answer 29

Enzymes that add phosphate Groups to proteins. Activated by Ca entering cell.

Question 30

CREB

Answer 30

Transcription factor. Affects expression of genes, alters protein production in cell. Signals retrograde NT to release more GLU from presyn cell.

Question 31

CaMKII

Answer 31

Activates latent AMPA receptors to go to the surface and become active which increases NT produced.