Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming

Question 1

Zeitgebers

Answer 1

External cues (ex. Light and dark cycle), that entrails circadian rhythms

Question 2

Free-running

Answer 2

Referring to a rhythm of behavior shown by an animal deprived of external cues about the time of day

Question 3

Entrainment

Answer 3

The process of synchronizing a biological rhythm to an environmental stimulus

Question 4

Suprachiasmic nucleus (SCN)

Answer 4

A small region of the hypothalamus above the optic chiasm that is the location of a circadian oscillator.

Question 5

Pineal gland

Answer 5

Secretory gland in brine midline, secretes melatonin. In some animals, it is sensitive to light.

Question 6

Retinohypothalamic pathway

Answer 6

From retinal ganglion cells splitting off from optic chiasm, synapse w/ SCN. Contain melanopsin

Question 7

Melanopsin

Answer 7

Photopigment found in some retinal ganglion cells that project to SCN.

Question 8

Infradian rhythms

Answer 8

Monthly rhythms (ex. Menstruation)

Question 9

Circannual rhythms

Answer 9

Yearly rhythms (ex. Migration, hibernation, putting on weight in the winter, breeding seasons)

Question 10

Ultradian rhythms

Answer 10

Cycle more than once a day (ex. Activity levels, eating, urination, drug effects differ at diff parts of day, sensitivity to pain)

Question 11

Slow-wave sleep (SWS)

Answer 11

Sleep, divided into stages 1-3, that is defined by prescience of slow-wave EEG activity (synchronized)

Question 12

REM sleep

Answer 12

Stage of sleep characterized by small-amplitude, fast-EEG waves (like awake) no postural tension, and rapid eye movements. Muscles are paralyzed, storyline dreams.

Question 13

Desynchronized EEG

Answer 13

Also called beta activity. A pattern of EEG activity comprising a mix of many different high frequencies with low amplitude

Question 14

Alpha rhythm

Answer 14

A brain potential of 8-12 Hz that occurs during relaxed wakefulness, increased freq from beta waves. Increased amplitude

Question 15

Vertex spike

Answer 15

A sharp EEG pattern that is seen during stage 1 SWS sleep

Question 16

Stage 1 sleep

Answer 16

The initial stage of SWS which is characterized by small-amplitude EEG waves of irregular freq, slow hr, and reduced muscle tension.

Question 17

Stage 2 sleep

Answer 17

A stage of SWS that is defined by bursts of regular sleep spindles

Question 18

Sleep spindle

Answer 18

A characteristic wave in EEG of a person in stage 2 sleep.

Question 19

K complex

Answer 19

A sharp negative EEG potential that is seen in stage 2 sleep.

Question 20

Stage 3 sleep

Answer 20

A stage of SWS that is defined by the spindles seen in stage 2 sleep, which is defined by prescience of delta waves (slow). Start to synchronize brain activity

Question 21

Delta wave

Answer 21

The slowest type of EEG wave, characteristic of stage 3 SWS.

Question 22

Nightmare

Answer 22

A long, frightening dream that awakens the sleeper from R.E.M.

Question 23

Night terror

Answer 23

A sudden arousal from stage 3 sleep that is marked by intense fear and autonomic activation

Question 24

Sleep cycle

Answer 24

A period of SWS followed by R.E.M. In Hunan about 90-110 min

Question 25

PGO waves

Answer 25

Present during dreams. Pons- Geniculate- occipital.

Question 26

Dream function

Answer 26

Consolidation of info during dreaming. What is important to remember in wakefulness

Question 27

Sleep deprivation

Answer 27

Partial or total prevention of sleep. Can cause death

Question 28

Sleep recovery

Answer 28

The process of sleeping more than is normal, after a period of sleep deprivation, as though in compensation.

Question 29

Biological functions of sleep

Answer 29

Conserves energy, niche adaptation, rest and restoration (not so much for body but for brain), memory consolidation.

Question 30

Isolated brain (encéphale isolé)

Answer 30

Cut between medulla and spinal cord. Brainstem isolated from spinal cord. Found brain generates sleep.

Question 31

Isolated forebrain (cerveau isolé)

Answer 31

Cut hindbrain from upper parts of brain. Divides forebrain and brainstem. Constant SWS result. Upper brain makes R.E.M. Cycle.

Question 32

Basal forebrain

Answer 32

Responsible for SWS generation. In frontal cortex and anterior hypothalamus. Releases GABA. Animal will not sleep if not activated

Question 33

Reticular activation system (reticular formation)

Answer 33

Ascending - sends fibers to brain. Generates wakefulness. Projects to forebrain.

Question 34

Pons

Answer 34

Generates R.E.M. (PGO waves). Inhibits motoneurons from firing. (GABA). Below locus coreleus which generates epinephrine.

Question 35

Hypothalamus

Answer 35

Switchers between 3 states of wake/ SWS / R.E.M. Sends to other systems. If don't have receptor--> narcolepsy