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Neuroscience > Ch 12 Sex > Flashcards

Ch 12 Sex Flashcards

1
Q

Sexual attraction

A

The first step in the mating behavior of many animals, in which animals emit stimuli that attract members of the opposite sex. Ex pheromones, behavioral

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2
Q

Appetitive behavior

A

The second stage of mating behavior; helps establish or maintain sexual interaction. Has a specific plan. Ex. Lordosis, female receptivity, flirting(kinda)

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3
Q

Proceptive

A

Referring to a state in which an animal advertises its readiness to mate through species-typical behaviors, such as ear wiggling in the female rat. Part of sexual attraction.

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4
Q

Copulation

A

Aka coitus. Sex act. Includes intromission, ejaculation, and refractory period

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5
Q

Intromission

A

Insertion of erect penis into vagina during copulation

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6
Q

Refractory period

A

A period following compilation during which an individual cannot recommence copulation

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7
Q

Coolidge effect

A

The propensity of an animal that has appeared sexually satiated with a present partner to resume sexual activity when provided with a novel partner. Speed up refractory period

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8
Q

Sexually receptive

A

Referring to the state in which an individual (typically the female) is willing to copulate.

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9
Q

Estrus

A

The period during which female animals are sexually receptive

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10
Q

Postcopulatory lock

A

The final stage of mating behavior. Species-specific postcopulatory behaviors include grooming genitals (in rat). Also parenting

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11
Q

Postcopulatory lock

A

Male’s penis swells after ejaculation so that male and female are forced to remain joined for 5-15 mins; occurs in dogs and some rodents, not in humans. Ensures paternity.

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12
Q

Parental behavior

A

Behavior of adult animals with goal of enhancing well-being of their own offspring often at cost to parents

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13
Q

Lordosis

A

A female receptive posture in quadrupeds in which the hindquarters are raised and tail turned to side, facilitating intromission by male. In response to male mounting

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14
Q

Activational effect

A

A temp change in behavior resulting from administration of a hormone to an adult animal. Hormones exhibit

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15
Q

Testosterone

A

Required for sexual behavior in males, but a lot doesn’t make a difference in sex drive. In humans, adrenal gland also makes it

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16
Q

Estrogen

A

Mediates proceptive behaviors. High levels at ovulation

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17
Q

Progesterone

A

Mediates receptive behaviors. High levels at ovulation.

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18
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

A

In females, produces lordosis bc modulated by E and P. Stimulate it, get proceptive behaviors.

19
Q

Medial preoptic area (mPOA)

A

Copulatory behavior in males. Motivation DA pathway (VTA–> NA)

20
Q

Vomeronasal organ (VNO)

A

Close to olfactory epithelium. Specialized receptor cells detect pheromones and send electrical signals to he accessory olfactory bulb in brain

21
Q

Medial amygdala

A

A portion of the amygdala that receives olfactory and pheromonal info

22
Q

Make sexual response pattern

A

Only one pattern. Sexual excitement, plateau, orgasm, refractory phase.

23
Q

Female pattern of sexual response

A

3 patterns. Sexual excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution. Most don’t have refractory phase.

24
Q

Sexual differentiation

A

The process by which individuals develop either malelike or femalelike bodies and behavior

25
Q

Sex determination

A

The process by which the decision is made for a fetus to develop as male or female.

26
Q

Indifferent gonads

A

The undifferentiated gonads of the early mammalian fetus which will eventually develop into either testes or ovaries

27
Q

SRY gene

A

A gene on Y chrom, that directs developing gonads to become testes.
If female or missing then gonads develop as ovaries

28
Q

Wolffian duct

A

A duct system in the embryo that will develop into male structures (epididymis, vans deferens, and seminal vesicles) if testes (producing testosterone) are present.

29
Q

Müllerian duct

A

A duct system in the embryo that will develop into female reproductive structures (fallopian tubes, uterus, upper vag), if testes aren’t present

30
Q

Anti-müllerian hormone (AMH)

A

From (müllerian inhibiting substance) Protein hormone secreted by fetal testis that inhibits Müllerian duct dev. Promotes wolffian duct dev

31
Q

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

A

Reduced by 5α-reductase from testosterone. Potent androgen that is responsible for masculinization of external genitalia in mammalian sexual differentiation. If have, penis. If not, clit. Bad timing, intersex.

32
Q

5α-reductase

A

Enzyme that converts testosterone to DHT

33
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

X0. Female but sterile, delayed phys dev and mental impairment in most cases. No other X to compensate

34
Q

Congenital Andrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

A

XX. Adrenal gland produces excess T in early dev instead of corticosteroids. Creates intersex appearance. Might maintain wolffian ducts.

35
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

A

XY. No functional androgen receptor. Wolffian system degenerates. Still have internal testes. Develop vagina but missing menstrual cycle.

36
Q

Guevedoces

A

Nickname for individuals who are raised as girls but at puberty have T change appearance and begin behaving as boys. Lack 5α-reductase to convert T to DHT in early prenatal dev

37
Q

Organizational effect

A

A permanent alteration of the n.s. and thus permanent change in behavior resulting from the action of a steroid hormone on an animal early in its development.

38
Q

Sensitive period

A

The period during dev in which an organism can be permanently altered by a particular experience or treatment.

39
Q

Masculinization of the brain

A

T enters brain, converted to estradiol by aromatase, binds to DNA, alters expression.

40
Q

α-fetoprotein

A

Binds to sex steroids in blood and prevents them from entering brain. Inactivated by stress during pregnant

41
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

The condition in which males and females show pronounced sex differences in appearance (ex songs regions in birds in POA of hypothalamus- sexually dimorphic nucleus)

42
Q

Cloacal exstrophy

A

XY individual born without penis but with testes

43
Q

Sexual orientation

A

Stress hormones during pregnancy, more older brothers (mother builds up rxn to T).

Androgen markers in lesbians 2d 4d ratio changes

Neuroscience (17 decks)

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