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Neuroscience > Chapter 2 - Functiobal Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Functiobal Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Glial cells

A

Nonneural brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain

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2
Q

Neuron doctrine

A

The hypothesis that the brain is composed of separate cells that are distinct structurally, metabolically, and functionally.

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3
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

A nerve cell that has many dendrites and a single axon

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4
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

A nerve cell that had a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at other end

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5
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

A nerve cell with a single branch that leaves the soma and extends in two directions; one end is receptive pole, the other end is the output zone.

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6
Q

Motor neuron

A

Nerve cell that transmits motor messages, stimulates muscle or gland

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7
Q

Sensory neuron

A

A neuron that is directly affected by changes in the environment, such as light, odor, it touch

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8
Q

Interneuron

A

A neuron that receives input from and sends output to other neurons

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9
Q

Arborization

A

The elaborate branching of dendrites of some neurons

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10
Q

Axon hillock

A

A cone-shaped area from which the axon originates out of the cell body, integration zone.

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11
Q

Axon collateral

A

a branch of an axon from a single neuron

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12
Q

Innervate

A

To provide neural input

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13
Q

Axonal transport

A

The transportation of materials from the neuronal cell body to distant regions in the dendrites/axons, and from the axon terminals back to the cell body.

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14
Q

Astrocyte

A

A star-shaped glial cell with numerous processes that run in all directions, regulate blood flow to neurons

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15
Q

Microglial cells

A

Extremely small glial cells that remove cellular debris from injured or dead cells.

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16
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

A type of glial cell that forms myelin in the CNS

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17
Q

Schwann cells

A

The glial cell that forms myelin in the PNS

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18
Q

Myelination

A

The process of myelin formation

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19
Q

Edema

A

Swelling of tissue, especially in the brain, in response to injury

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20
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

“Many scars”. Disorder characterized by widespread degeneration of myelin

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21
Q

Gross neuroanatomy

A

Anatomical features of nervous system that are apparent to naked eye.

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22
Q

Nerve

A

A collection of axons bundled together outside the CNS

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23
Q

Motor nerve

A

A nerve that conveys neural activity to muscle tissue and causes it to contract

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24
Q

Sensory nerve

A

A nerve that conveys sensory information from the periphery to the CNS

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25
Cranial nerve
A nerve that is connected directly to the brain
26
Spinal nerve
Aka somatic nerve. A nerve that emerges from the spinal cord.
27
Autonomic nervous system
The part of the PNS that supplies neural connections to glands and to smooth muscles of internal organs
28
Dorsal root
The branch of a spinal nerve, entering the dorsal horn or the spinal cord, that carries sensory info from the PNS to the spinal cord
29
Central root
The branch of a spinal nerve, arising from the central horn of the spinal cord, that carries motor messages from the spinal cord to the PNS
30
Autonomic ganglia
Collections of nerve cell bodies, belonging to the autonomic division of the PNS that are found in various locations and inner aye the major organs.
31
Preganglionic
Literally "before the ganglion". Referring to neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from CNS to the autonomic ganglia.
32
Postganglionic
Literally "after the ganglion". Referring to neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from autonomic ganglia to to various targets in body
33
Sympathetic nervous system
A component of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord
34
Sympathetic chain
A chain of ganglia that runs along each side of the spinal column; part of sympathetic nervous system
35
Parasympathetic nervous system
A component of the autonomic nervous system that arises from both the cranial nerves and sacral spinal cord.
36
Enteric nervous system
An extensive mesh like system of neurons that governs the functioning of the gut
37
Gyrus
A ridged or raised portion of a convoluted brain surface
38
Sulcus
A furrow of a convoluted brain surface
39
Sylvia's fissure
Aka lateral sulcus. Deep fissure that demarcates the temporal lobe
40
Central sulcus
A fissure that divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
41
Postcentral gyrus
The strip of parietal cortex, just behind the central sulcus, that receives somatosensory info from the entire body
42
Precentral gyrus
The strip of frontal cortex, just in front of the central sulcus, that is crucial for motor control.
43
White matter
A shiny later underneath the cortex that consists largely of axons with white myelin sheaths
44
Gray matter
Areas of the brain that are dominated by cell bodies and are devoid of myelin
45
Forebrain
(Prosencephalon). Anterior division of the brain. Contains cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, hypothalamus.
46
Midbrain
(Mesencephalon). Middle division of the brain
47
Hindbrain
(Rhombencephalon). Rear division of he brain. Contains cerebellum, pons, medulla. The
48
Nucleus
A collection of neuron in CNS
49
Tract
A bundle of axons found in CNS
50
Allocortex
Brain tissue with three layers or unlayered organization
51
Pyramidal cell
A type of large nerve cell that has roughly pyramid-shaped cell body; found in cerebral cortex.
52
Apical dendrite
The dendrite that extends from a pyramidal cell to the outermost surfaces of the cortex
53
Basal dendrite
One of several dendrites on pyramidal cell that extend horizontally from cell body
54
Cortical column
One of the vertical columns that constitute the basic organization of the neocortex
55
Basal ganglia
A group of forebrain nuclei, including caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen, found deep within the cerebral hemispheres
56
Caudate nucleus
One of the basal ganglia; has long extension
57
Putamen
One of the basal ganglia
58
Globus pallidus
One of the basal ganglia
59
Substantia nigra
A brain stem structure in human that innervates the basal ganglia and is named for dark pigmentation.
60
Limbic system
A loosely defined, widespread group of brain nuclei that innervates each other to form a network
61
Amygdala
A group of nuclei in the medial anterior part of temporal lobe
62
Hippocampus
A medial temporal lobe structure that is important for learning and memory
63
Fornix
A fiver tract that extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary body
64
Cingulate gyrus
A cortical portion of the limbic system, found in the frontal and parietal midline
65
Olfactory bulb
An anterior projection of the brain that terminates in the upper nasal passages and provides receptors for smell
66
Thalamus
The brain regions that surround the third ventricle
67
Hypothalamus
Part of diencephalon. Under thalamus.
68
Superior colliculi
Paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that receive visual info and are involved in direction of visual gaze and visual attention to intended stimuli.
69
Inferior colliculi
Paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that receive auditory info
70
Tectum
The dorsal portion of the midbrain including inferior and superior colliculi
71
Red nucleus
A brainstorm structure related to motor control
72
Reticular formation
Extensive region of brain stem involved in arousal (waking).
73
Purkinje cell
A type of large nerve cell in the cerebellar cortex.
74
Granule cell
A small type of nerve cell.
75
Parallel fiber
One of the axons if the granule cells that form the outermost layers of the cerebellar cortex
76
Meninges
The three protective sheets of tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord
77
Dura mater
The outermost of the three meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord
78
Pia mater
The innermost of the three meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord
79
Arachnoid
The thin covering (one of the three meninges) of the brain that is between pia mater and dura mater
80
Meningitis
A cute inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by viral or bacterial infection.
81
Meningiomas
Any class of non cancerous tumors arising from the meninges
82
Ventricular system
A system of fluid-filled cavities in brain
83
Lateral ventricle
A complexly shaped lateral portion of the ventricular system within each hemisphere of brain
84
Choroid plexus
A highly vascular portion of the lining of the ventricles that secretes cerebrospinal fluid
85
Third ventricle
The midline ventricle that conducts CSF from lateral ventricles to fourth ventricle
86
Fourth ventricle
The passageway within the pons that receives CSF from third ventricle and releases it to surround the brain and spinal cord.
87
Carotid arteries
The major arteries that ascend left and right sides of the neck to the brain supplying blood to the anterior and middle cerebral arteries.
88
Anterior cerebral arteries
Two large arteries arising from the carotids that provide blood to the anterior poles and medial surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres
89
Middle cerebral arteries
Two large arteries, arising from carotids, that provide blood to most of the lateral surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres.
90
Posterior cerebral arteries
Two large arteries, asrisinf from the basilar artery, that provide blood to posterior aspects of the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, brainstem.
91
Vertebral arteries
Arteries that ascend the vertebrae, enter the base of the skull, and join together to form the basilar artery.
92
Basilar artery
An artery, formed by the fusion of the vertebral arteries, that supplies blood to the brainstem and to the posterior cerebral arteries
93
Circle of Willis
A structure at the base of the brain that is formed by the joining of the carotid and basilar arteries
94
Blood-brain barrier
The mech that make the movement of substances from blood vessels to brain cells more difficult than exchanges in other body organs, better protection for brain
95
Stroke
Damage to a region of brain tissue that results from blockage or rupture of vessels that supply blood to that region

Neuroscience (17 decks)

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