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Neuroscience > Chapter 2 - Functiobal Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Functiobal Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Glial cells

A

Nonneural brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain

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2
Q

Neuron doctrine

A

The hypothesis that the brain is composed of separate cells that are distinct structurally, metabolically, and functionally.

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3
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

A nerve cell that has many dendrites and a single axon

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4
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

A nerve cell that had a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at other end

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5
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

A nerve cell with a single branch that leaves the soma and extends in two directions; one end is receptive pole, the other end is the output zone.

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6
Q

Motor neuron

A

Nerve cell that transmits motor messages, stimulates muscle or gland

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7
Q

Sensory neuron

A

A neuron that is directly affected by changes in the environment, such as light, odor, it touch

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8
Q

Interneuron

A

A neuron that receives input from and sends output to other neurons

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9
Q

Arborization

A

The elaborate branching of dendrites of some neurons

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10
Q

Axon hillock

A

A cone-shaped area from which the axon originates out of the cell body, integration zone.

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11
Q

Axon collateral

A

a branch of an axon from a single neuron

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12
Q

Innervate

A

To provide neural input

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13
Q

Axonal transport

A

The transportation of materials from the neuronal cell body to distant regions in the dendrites/axons, and from the axon terminals back to the cell body.

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14
Q

Astrocyte

A

A star-shaped glial cell with numerous processes that run in all directions, regulate blood flow to neurons

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15
Q

Microglial cells

A

Extremely small glial cells that remove cellular debris from injured or dead cells.

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16
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

A type of glial cell that forms myelin in the CNS

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17
Q

Schwann cells

A

The glial cell that forms myelin in the PNS

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18
Q

Myelination

A

The process of myelin formation

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19
Q

Edema

A

Swelling of tissue, especially in the brain, in response to injury

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20
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

“Many scars”. Disorder characterized by widespread degeneration of myelin

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21
Q

Gross neuroanatomy

A

Anatomical features of nervous system that are apparent to naked eye.

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22
Q

Nerve

A

A collection of axons bundled together outside the CNS

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23
Q

Motor nerve

A

A nerve that conveys neural activity to muscle tissue and causes it to contract

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24
Q

Sensory nerve

A

A nerve that conveys sensory information from the periphery to the CNS

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25
Q

Cranial nerve

A

A nerve that is connected directly to the brain

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26
Q

Spinal nerve

A

Aka somatic nerve. A nerve that emerges from the spinal cord.

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27
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

The part of the PNS that supplies neural connections to glands and to smooth muscles of internal organs

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28
Q

Dorsal root

A

The branch of a spinal nerve, entering the dorsal horn or the spinal cord, that carries sensory info from the PNS to the spinal cord

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29
Q

Central root

A

The branch of a spinal nerve, arising from the central horn of the spinal cord, that carries motor messages from the spinal cord to the PNS

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30
Q

Autonomic ganglia

A

Collections of nerve cell bodies, belonging to the autonomic division of the PNS that are found in various locations and inner aye the major organs.

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31
Q

Preganglionic

A

Literally “before the ganglion”. Referring to neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from CNS to the autonomic ganglia.

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32
Q

Postganglionic

A

Literally “after the ganglion”. Referring to neurons in the autonomic nervous system that run from autonomic ganglia to to various targets in body

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33
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

A component of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord

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34
Q

Sympathetic chain

A

A chain of ganglia that runs along each side of the spinal column; part of sympathetic nervous system

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35
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

A component of the autonomic nervous system that arises from both the cranial nerves and sacral spinal cord.

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36
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

An extensive mesh like system of neurons that governs the functioning of the gut

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37
Q

Gyrus

A

A ridged or raised portion of a convoluted brain surface

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38
Q

Sulcus

A

A furrow of a convoluted brain surface

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39
Q

Sylvia’s fissure

A

Aka lateral sulcus. Deep fissure that demarcates the temporal lobe

40
Q

Central sulcus

A

A fissure that divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

41
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

The strip of parietal cortex, just behind the central sulcus, that receives somatosensory info from the entire body

42
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

The strip of frontal cortex, just in front of the central sulcus, that is crucial for motor control.

43
Q

White matter

A

A shiny later underneath the cortex that consists largely of axons with white myelin sheaths

44
Q

Gray matter

A

Areas of the brain that are dominated by cell bodies and are devoid of myelin

45
Q

Forebrain

A

(Prosencephalon). Anterior division of the brain. Contains cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, hypothalamus.

46
Q

Midbrain

A

(Mesencephalon). Middle division of the brain

47
Q

Hindbrain

A

(Rhombencephalon). Rear division of he brain. Contains cerebellum, pons, medulla. The

48
Q

Nucleus

A

A collection of neuron in CNS

49
Q

Tract

A

A bundle of axons found in CNS

50
Q

Allocortex

A

Brain tissue with three layers or unlayered organization

51
Q

Pyramidal cell

A

A type of large nerve cell that has roughly pyramid-shaped cell body; found in cerebral cortex.

52
Q

Apical dendrite

A

The dendrite that extends from a pyramidal cell to the outermost surfaces of the cortex

53
Q

Basal dendrite

A

One of several dendrites on pyramidal cell that extend horizontally from cell body

54
Q

Cortical column

A

One of the vertical columns that constitute the basic organization of the neocortex

55
Q

Basal ganglia

A

A group of forebrain nuclei, including caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen, found deep within the cerebral hemispheres

56
Q

Caudate nucleus

A

One of the basal ganglia; has long extension

57
Q

Putamen

A

One of the basal ganglia

58
Q

Globus pallidus

A

One of the basal ganglia

59
Q

Substantia nigra

A

A brain stem structure in human that innervates the basal ganglia and is named for dark pigmentation.

60
Q

Limbic system

A

A loosely defined, widespread group of brain nuclei that innervates each other to form a network

61
Q

Amygdala

A

A group of nuclei in the medial anterior part of temporal lobe

62
Q

Hippocampus

A

A medial temporal lobe structure that is important for learning and memory

63
Q

Fornix

A

A fiver tract that extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary body

64
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

A cortical portion of the limbic system, found in the frontal and parietal midline

65
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

An anterior projection of the brain that terminates in the upper nasal passages and provides receptors for smell

66
Q

Thalamus

A

The brain regions that surround the third ventricle

67
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of diencephalon. Under thalamus.

68
Q

Superior colliculi

A

Paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that receive visual info and are involved in direction of visual gaze and visual attention to intended stimuli.

69
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

Paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that receive auditory info

70
Q

Tectum

A

The dorsal portion of the midbrain including inferior and superior colliculi

71
Q

Red nucleus

A

A brainstorm structure related to motor control

72
Q

Reticular formation

A

Extensive region of brain stem involved in arousal (waking).

73
Q

Purkinje cell

A

A type of large nerve cell in the cerebellar cortex.

74
Q

Granule cell

A

A small type of nerve cell.

75
Q

Parallel fiber

A

One of the axons if the granule cells that form the outermost layers of the cerebellar cortex

76
Q

Meninges

A

The three protective sheets of tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord

77
Q

Dura mater

A

The outermost of the three meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord

78
Q

Pia mater

A

The innermost of the three meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord

79
Q

Arachnoid

A

The thin covering (one of the three meninges) of the brain that is between pia mater and dura mater

80
Q

Meningitis

A

A cute inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by viral or bacterial infection.

81
Q

Meningiomas

A

Any class of non cancerous tumors arising from the meninges

82
Q

Ventricular system

A

A system of fluid-filled cavities in brain

83
Q

Lateral ventricle

A

A complexly shaped lateral portion of the ventricular system within each hemisphere of brain

84
Q

Choroid plexus

A

A highly vascular portion of the lining of the ventricles that secretes cerebrospinal fluid

85
Q

Third ventricle

A

The midline ventricle that conducts CSF from lateral ventricles to fourth ventricle

86
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

The passageway within the pons that receives CSF from third ventricle and releases it to surround the brain and spinal cord.

87
Q

Carotid arteries

A

The major arteries that ascend left and right sides of the neck to the brain supplying blood to the anterior and middle cerebral arteries.

88
Q

Anterior cerebral arteries

A

Two large arteries arising from the carotids that provide blood to the anterior poles and medial surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres

89
Q

Middle cerebral arteries

A

Two large arteries, arising from carotids, that provide blood to most of the lateral surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres.

90
Q

Posterior cerebral arteries

A

Two large arteries, asrisinf from the basilar artery, that provide blood to posterior aspects of the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, brainstem.

91
Q

Vertebral arteries

A

Arteries that ascend the vertebrae, enter the base of the skull, and join together to form the basilar artery.

92
Q

Basilar artery

A

An artery, formed by the fusion of the vertebral arteries, that supplies blood to the brainstem and to the posterior cerebral arteries

93
Q

Circle of Willis

A

A structure at the base of the brain that is formed by the joining of the carotid and basilar arteries

94
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

The mech that make the movement of substances from blood vessels to brain cells more difficult than exchanges in other body organs, better protection for brain

95
Q

Stroke

A

Damage to a region of brain tissue that results from blockage or rupture of vessels that supply blood to that region

Neuroscience (17 decks)

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