psychology paper 3 things Flashcards
How does Sprecher support the social exchange theory?
Sprecher discovered that comparison to alternatives and number of gifts received was a good indication of commitment and satisfaction in a relationship suggesting that key features of the social exchange theory are important factors in relationships today.
How does Christensen support the social exchange theory?
The social exchange theory helped develop the integrated couples behavioural therapy which aim to establish positive exchanges. Christensen found that 2/3 couples using the therapy have reported improved relationships and feeling better suggesting that the social exchange theory is applicable to real life situations and socially beneficial.
What did Stafford and Canary find about equity?
Stafford and Canary conducted a study on 200 married couples and found that spouse satisfaction was the highest in couples that prioritised equity suggesting that it is an important factor in maintaining long lasting relationships
What did Larsson et al find?
Found that wives were more likely to feel unsatisfied in their relationships and feel lower intimacy levels and compatibility when in an unequal relationship. Compatibility can only be restored if inequity is dealt with first suggesting that equity is a big contributor in determining long lasting relationships.
What did Rusbalt and Martz find about “battered” women?
Conducted a study on battered/abused women and found that abused women were more likely to return to a relationship if they had invested a lot and believed these investments would be lost if the relationship ended, hence allowing the unfair balance of rewards and costs. Demonstrates how the investment model is highly applicable to a variety of situations
Le and Agnew on cultural stuff, investment model
Le and Agnew conducted a meta analysis on 52 studies across collectivist and individualistic cultures and discovered that both types of cultures found investment an important part of relationships suggesting the model is a good universal explanation of behaviour.
What did Tashiro and Fraiser discover about Ducks model?
Tahsiro and Fraiser found evidence for the existence of the grave dressing phase as they found that people who have experienced break ups and made sense of the situation were more likely to see the break up in a positive light and improve themselves as the model predicts, shows the application of the model to everyday theories.
Zhao Et al and the absence of gating
Claimed that due to the absence of gating and developing an online persona that is appreciated by others can lead to an increase in better face to face relationships as individuals have better confidence in their self image and can reflect their online persona in real life
What did Mischer and Waxler find about the way mothers of Sz spoke to their children?
Mischer and Waxler found that there was a difference in the way mothers spoke to their SZ children rather than their regular children suggesting that having schizophrenic children may be the cause of changing communication styles rather than the communication styles themselves causing SZ.
What did Burger find about double bind statements?
There was more reported double bind statements in SZ patients than regular people suggesting that they do have an influence on developing SZ as it a common variable among schizophrenics.
What did Bowie and Harvey find out about cognitive implications?
Bowie and Harvey found that cognitive impairments to the working memory and attention were present throughout the suffering of SZ suggesting it is a core component to explaining SZ as it is prevalent throughout schizophrenics lives.
Kalafi and Torabi on EE relapse rates
Kalafi and Toarbi studied relapse rates in Iran where there is a high prevalence of EE in Iranian cultures which is thought to be one of the main causes of relapse as negative emotions and stress can trigger an SZ episode
What did Trower et al find about CBT treatment?
Trower found that CBT does not actually reduce symptoms such as hallucinations but rather reframes them as less of a threat therefore it questions wether CBT is actually valid as a treatment as it does not directly remove the problem.
What did Raine et al find about the limbic system and aggression?
Used PET scans to compare the brains of 41 murderers and 41 control, and found that murderers had more abnormalities in their limbic system than regular individuals suggesting that it is implicated in aggression as it is a common variable between all the murderers.
Mairead and Dolan on testosterone?
Mairead and Dolan found a link between high testosterone levels in a sample of 60 male offenders in a maximum security prison who also had personality disorders and such suggesting that testosterone is present in causing aggressive behaviours as it was present in highly aggressive individuals in prison.
