aggression

Question 1

What does the biological approach suggest about aggression?

Answer 1

Aggression is due to the structure and function of our body, genes, brain anatomy, hormonal or neuronal activity.

Question 2

What is the limbic system and the amygdala? How are they associated with aggression?

Answer 2

A network of structures deep in the brain with components important in behavioural and emotional structures especially regarding survival behaviours.

The amygdala is suggestively the most important in aggression as it chooses how to assess and respond to the environmental threats and challenges. The reactivity of the amygdala is a predictor of aggressive behaviour.

Question 3

Using PET scans, what did Raine et al discover in (1997) and in (2000)?

Answer 3

1997: Used PET scans to compare the brains of 41 murderers and 41 controls ( non-aggressive individuals) and found that there were abnormalities in the limbic systems of aggressive individuals in comparison to the control suggesting that the limbic system has an implication in murder.
2000: Found that the prefrontal cortex (responsible for inhibiting aggressive behaviours) was 14% less active in non-abused murderers and 15% smaller in anti social males.

Question 4

What is a weakness of Raine et al’s study?

Answer 4

His data was correlational and not direct evidence that aggressive behaviour is due to brain anatomy but rather could be a factor that influences it or something that develops over time.

Question 5

What did the case study of Charles Whitman show?

Answer 5

Charles Whitman was a Texan marine who murdered his family and shot several strangers and took his own life.

His autopsy suggested that he had a tumour pressing on his amygdala in the limbic system, demonstrating a relationship between his highly aggressive behaviour and the limbic system.

Question 6

What did the case of Summer at al (2007) show?

Answer 6

A case study of a 14 year old girl who was elliptic and violent as she had a tumour present in her limbic system after an MRI, After drug therapy, she was less aggressive, suggesting that the high levels of aggression was due to the tumour in the limbic system.

Question 7

How does alcohol affect the brain and how does it affect aggression?

Answer 7

Alcohol reduces self awareness and will deindiviudate an individual by switching off the pre-frontal cortex and leaving the limbic system without cognitive control.

Helps explain why 4/10 violent crimes are committed by drinkers and a survey of rapists found hat 50% of them drank before committing the assaults.

Demonstrates the importance of brain structures in aggression. Wider implications could involve understanding alcoholic aggression.

Question 8

What are some weakness of the limbic system explanation of aggression?

Answer 8

X The role of the limbic system is not clear in aggression as it is made up of several components however a majority of the study is conducted on the amygdala rather than the limbic system as a whole.
X The research does support the link between brain abnormalities and aggressive behaviour but this is only the correlation, not causation. There are other factors that it does not consider, for example the environment,
X Generally reductionist and deterministic, does not consider complex human emotions

Question 9

What are some strengths of the limbic system explanation of aggression?

Answer 9

+ Research into the limbic system has lead to understand aggression due to brain structures and been helpful in developing drug therapy targeted at that area, for example Summer at al (2007)
+ Several supporting research such as Raine et al who shows a direct link between aggression and brain structures
+ Demonstrates the dangers of alcohol

Question 10

How do neurotransmitters link to aggression?

Answer 10

High levels of dopamine and low levels of serotonin have been suggested to link to aggression

Question 11

What is the role of serotonin in the brain and its association with aggression?

Answer 11

Serotonin has a widespread inhibitory effect on the brain by slowing and suppressing neuronal activity and is associated with having a greater deal of control.

Generally having a low level of serotonin is associated with aggression as it leads to less self control and greater deal of impulsive behaviours

Question 12

What did Ferrari et al use his rats to study? How does this support the neurotransmitter theory of aggression?

Answer 12

Ferrari et al forced rats to fight at the same time for 10 days in a row straight and on the 11th day they were tested for neurotransmitter levels and discovered that they had an increase of dopamine but a lower level or serotonin.

Demonstrates the effect of aggression and how it can alter brain chemistry,

Question 13

What did Raleigh et al discover with Vervet mokeys? How does this link to aggression?

Answer 13

Raleigh et al fed vervet monkeys high diets of tryptophan which increases serotonin levels in the brain and discovered that they exhibited lower levels of aggression.

This research shows how serotonin is important in the control of aggression.

Question 14

What is the role of dopamine and how does it link to aggression?

Answer 14

Dopamine mediates the pleasure in the brain and is released during pleasurable situations that stimulate one to repeat an activity to receive pleasure again.

Question 15

What link did Buitarr find with antipsychotic drugs and aggression(2003)?

Answer 15

Buitarr found that antipsychotic drugs , which reduce dopamine activity in the brain , have been shown to reduce aggressive behaviour in violent deliquents.

Demonstrates how dopamine is significant in understanding violent behaviour as when it is removed, aggression is reduced.

Question 16

Evaluate the role of neurotransmitters in aggression

Answer 16

+ Led to the development of useful treatment for uncontrollable aggression such as drug treatments ( anti psychotics )
+ Has several cases of supportive research and is scientifically testable giving it reliability and validity

X A lot of research into neurotransmitters are conducted on animals due to ethical issues, this can have questionable generalisability due to large physiological differences in animals and societal norms which are also important in aggression
X Biologically deterministic and reductionist
X Ethical issues of using animals

Question 17

What is testosterone and how is it implied in aggression?

Answer 17

Testosterone is an androgen responsible for the development of masculine features found in small amounts in women and is associated with aggression.

Question 18

What did Mairead Dolan et al (2001) find about testosterone in a sample of 60 male offenders?

Answer 18

Found a positive correlation between testosterone levels and aggressive behaviours in this sample of maximun security prisons. They mostly suffered from personality disorders and had history of impulsive behaviours.

This was a natural occurring support so it had no ethical issues and demonstrate a clear correlation between aggressive behaviours and testosterone levels.

Question 19

What did Stephaine Van Goozen find regarding sex changes and aggression?

Answer 19

People undergoing sex change operations , when women were transitioning into men, they had testosterone injections and became more aggressive whereas men into women had testosterone suppressants which decreased aggressive behaviours.

Question 20

How does testosterone affect the OFC and what does this imply?

Answer 20

High levels of testosterone will limit the activity of the OFC, meaning that an emotional situation will produce a heightened emotion response as there is less decision making involved.

This suggests that biological explanations do not work in isolation to each other and interact to produce a response.

Question 21

What did Carre and Mehta (2001) propose about cortisol?

Answer 21

Carre and Mehta proposed that the hormone cortisol acts antagonistically to testosterone and will reduce its activity when present. Testosterone will only cause aggression if cortisol is in low levels.

Question 22

What are some strengths regarding the hormonal explanation of aggression?

Answer 22

+ Lots of supporting research that imply the correlation between testosterone and aggression
+ Helps us understand aggressive behaviours and find treatment based on drug therapy that influence hormones
+ Helps us understand the interactions between the neuronal and hormonal system in aggression

Question 23

What are some cons of the hormonal explanation for aggression?

Answer 23

X Does not explain why some females show excessive violent behaviours even when they lack high testosterone levels, for example the female serial killer Myra Hindly assisted in several murderers.
X Aggression can be subjective and hard to measure and often involves the use of questionnaires or response to situations which are inaccurate
X Data is correlational but not cause and effect , there are other influential factors
X Biologically reductionist and deterministic

Question 24

What did Coccaro et al discover about DZ and MZ twins regarding aggression?

Answer 24

Studied adult males MZ and DZ twins and found 50% concordance rates in MZ twins for direct physical assault cases whereas it was only 19% for DZ.

This highlights that genes do have an implication in aggression however is not the only factor due to not being 100% concordance rate.

Question 25

What is the MAOA gene? What can a dysfunction in the MAOA gene cause? What is the warrior gene?

Answer 25

The MAOA gene is a gene which codes for an enzyme involved in the breakdown of excess neurones in the synapse to prevent over stimulation of neurones. A dysfunction in the MAOA gene can lead to altering the enzyme which will either increase or decrease the amount of serotonin in the brain depending on the allele. The warrior gene is an allele of the MAOA gene which lowers the amount of enzymes produce and has been implicated in aggressive behaviours.

Question 26

What did Brunner et al's study on a Dutch family discover about MAOA?

Answer 26

28 Male members of a large dutch family were involved in impulsive aggressive behaviour . researchers found that they had abnormally low levels of the enzyme produce from the MAOA gene meaning they had an access of neurotransmitters. This study clearly shows the genes influence on behaviour as all the males in the family exhibited the behaviour However you cannot separate nature vs nurture

Question 27

What did Stuart et al find on intimate partner violence?

Answer 27

He studied 97 men involved in inflicting intimate partner violence in a better treatment programme. Men with the low activity MAOA gene were found to be the most violent physically and psychologically on their partners.

Question 28

What does the diathesis stress model suggest about aggression?

Answer 28

Th diathesis stress model suggests that genes are crucial in understanding aggressive behaviour but in the MAOA gene it only related to adult aggression with relation to early traumatic life events

Question 29

What did Frazzelto et all (2007) found regarding the diathesis stress model and aggression?

Answer 29

Found an association between high levels of AS aggression and the low activity MAOA gene in adult males but only when paired with experiencing trauma during childhood , they did not demonstrate aggressive behaviour without chiildhood trauma.

Question 30

What is media? Give some examples.

Answer 30

Media refers to the collective communication outlets or tools that are used to store and deliver information or data to a large number of people, for example social media, books, films,and TV.

Question 31

When were computer games first developed and identified as a problem? What were these problems? What is a positive of computer games?

Answer 31

Computer games were first developed in 1958, and in 1978 negative behaviours caused by computer games were identified for example Desensitisation effects and exposure to violence would affect moral judgements However they have also been found to be cathartic (psychologically relieving)

Question 32

How did Bartholow and Anderon (2007) study the effects of violent games on behaviour?

Answer 32

+ Made students either play 10 minutes of mortal komat (violent game) or a golf computer game (non-violent). + after they conducted a competitive time task and measured aggression via volume of white noise punishment +Violent games had a higher noise punishment than non violent gamers (6.97 dB vs 4.60 dB)

Question 33

Evaluate Bartholow and Andersons study in (2007)

Answer 33

+ Was a laboratory so had standardised and controlled procedures which did produce results proportional to the hypothesis X Non-violent games can also cause aggression X Only played for a short time therefore long term effects cannot be generalised from this X Lack of an efficient sample was only conducted on students and the effects on adults or young children cannot be identified

Question 34

How did Delisi et all make a link between 227 juvenile offenders and aggressive video games? What conclusion did they make?

Answer 34

The 227 juvenile offenders all had a history of serious aggressive behaviours and were studied through structured interviews and collected data based on operationalised acts of aggression and violent video games. Aggression was significantly correlated to how often they played and enjoyed violent video games. It is concluded that there is a clear link between aggressive behaviour and violent computer games as there is a significant correlation.

Question 35

Evaluate Delsi et al's research

Answer 35

+ Clear correlational link and identified violent video games as a risk factor to future violent behaviours X Correlation does not equal causation, therefore we cannot assume that aggression is the direct result of video games but rather they may have naturally been violent and attracted to the game due to its violent nature

Question 36

What did Anderson et al (2010) meta analysis discover? What makes this credible?

Answer 36

Anderson did a meta analysis o 136 studies regarding media influence on aggression using a range of different types of research and found there was a link between exposure to violent computer games and aggressive behaviour + thoughts, also had no publication bias.

Question 37

What is desensitisation?

Answer 37

Repeatedly engaging in violent behaviour leading to habituation and therefore you are less likely to be stimulated or affected by aggression.

Question 38

What did Welsz and Earls (1995) find out about violent media using the film stray drogs?

Answer 38

Welsz and Earls showed male participants a movie, Stray dogs, which featured a violent, prolonged rape scene and then asked them to watch a reenactment of a rape trail. It was found that they had decreased empathy for the victim and were less likely to find the defendant guilty, this was not found in females.

Question 39

What did Belson et el find regarding desensitisation and aggression?

Answer 39

Found no link between exposure to violent media and anti-social behaviour . He showed violent content to 1,500 teenagers who later had no signs of being affected.

Question 40

Evaluate the desensitisation explanation of aggression

Answer 40

Researching findings have mixed views on the effect of desensitisation and aggression as they show that it could or could not have a link. Also does not consider individual differences as some people may become even more sensitive to aggressive media after being exposed

Question 41

What is disinhibition?

Answer 41

Disinhibition is when the usual moral restraints against violence is removed due to the justification of it through violent media which makes it seem normative and have no consequences.

Question 42

How can disinhibition occur?

Answer 42

Can be explained by anonymity, Solipsistic interjection: When you become cognitively merged with a character you are playing, Minimisation of authority: behaviour that would be classified as criminal is not punished in video games by enforcers such as the police, making it seem normative