attachment

Question 1

What is attachment?

Answer 1

A deep emotional bond between two individuals who seek closeness and feel more secure when in close proximity to their attachment partner.

Question 2

How did Harlow study attachment in baby monkeys?

Answer 2

Harlow put baby monkeys in two situations with two wire monkeys.
One with cloth wrapped around it and one without a cloth but milk attached to it.
Harlow measured attachment based on time spent with each wire monkey.

It was found that the babies spent a majority of time with the cloth monkey rather than the milk monkey suggesting they preferred comfort over food.

Question 3

What are some strengths of Harlows study?

Answer 3

+ Benefits outweigh the ethical issues of the research as it demonstrates the importance of emotional care when looking after children
+ Provides support for Bowlbys attachment theory ^
+ Behaviourists believe that behaviours studied in animals can be applied to humans as we learn in similar ways

Question 4

What are some weaknesses of Harlows study?

Answer 4

+ Criticised as cruel and unethical as baby monkeys were removed from their mothers which caused emotional damage to both the baby monkey and high anxiety in mothers
+ A study conducted on animals can be considered not generalisable to human behaviour due to the physiological and physical differences and cognitive functioning, humans are more emotionally complex than monkeys

Question 5

How did Lorenz develop the imprinting theory? What does this suggest about attachment?

Answer 5

Lorenz hatched gosling eggs and divided them in half where one half would see Lorenz when first hatched or their actual goose mother.
It was found that when they hatched, the goslings imprinted to Lorenz at birth due to the existence of the critical period which is 12-17 hours after birth.

This suggests that attachment is an innate trait and programmed genetically

Question 6

How did Guiton 1966 support Lorenz’s imprinting theory?

Answer 6

Found that when chicks were shown yellow gloves at birth, they imprinted on the glove which confirms Lorenz goslings study. Also provides that attachment is genetic as the glove did not show any comfort to develop an attachment.

Question 7

What are some strengths of Lorenz’s imprinting theory?

Answer 7

+ Supported by Guiton 1966

+ Useful in the development of Bowlbys critical period

Question 8

What are some weaknesses of Lorenzs study?

Answer 8

+ Ethical issues as imprinting is irreversible, including sexual imprinting in the geese which led to them growing up and not being attracted to their own species
+ Animal studies can be considered non-generalisable to humans to the emotional and physiological differences

Question 9

How does the learning theory explain attachment?

Answer 9

The learning theory proposes that attachments are learned behaviours through classical and operant conditioning rather than an innate biological tendency.

Question 10

What is the secondary drive hypothesis suggested by Dollard and Millard?

Answer 10

Describes how primary drives are essential for survival such as hunger for food which become associated which emotional drives such as closeness and attachment.

Question 11

Explain how a baby becomes attachment to its mother through classical conditioning

Answer 11

Food/Milk is the unconditioned stimuli associated with pleasure which is an unconditioned response. The mother becomes associated with the pleasure response. Over time the mother will become the conditioned stimuli which results in the pleasure and comfort response which develops into an attachment.

Question 12

What are the weakness of the learning theory to attachment?

Answer 12

+ Challenged by Lorenz who did a study on goslings who were attached at birth demonstrating that behaviour is innate and not learned.
+ Reductionist as an explanation because it does not consider other explanations such as the biological explanation
+ Does not consider complex human emotions and free will, e.g in the social learning theory
+ Harlows monkeys demonstrate how they preferred comfort over food

Question 13

What are the strengths of the learning approach to attachment?

Answer 13

+ Supported by research conducted by Pavlov and the case of Little Albert who do show examples of learning behaviours through classical conditioning
+ Has large explanatory power and can explain day to day occurrences of attachment and why children are bonded to mothers

Question 14

What is Bowlbys monotropic theory?

Answer 14

The theory that attachment behaviours in both caregivers and babies are biologically programmed with innate behaviours to ensure an attachment is formed.
This is an evolutionary approach to attachment to make sure we survive

Question 15

What does each letter n ASCMI stand for?

Answer 15

A: Adaptive
S: Social releasers
C: Critical period 
M: Mono tropic 
I: Internal working model

Question 16

What is monotropy?

Answer 16

Monotropy is the theory that infants form one singular main attachment that is stronger than the rest which is usually with their mother.
If the mother is not available then a suitable substitute could also work.

Question 17

What are the strengths of the monotropic theory?

Answer 17

+ Supported by the 44 Thieves study to demonstrate the importance of the monotropic theory
+ Supports the biological explanation to attachment
+ Lorenz model supports the idea of a critical period as an innate method for attachment formation, usually the mother

Question 18

What are the cons of the monotropic theory of attachment?

Answer 18

+ Case studies such as Genie and rutters roman orphans demonstrate how attachment behaviours can still form even when not having a monotropic attachment
+ Socially sensitive research as it puts a heavy importance on mothers

Question 19

Describe Ainsworth Strange situation

Answer 19

Conducted a controlled observation of the interactions between 100 middle class American infants and their mothers and were observed in eight episodes of different scenarios with the caregiver and strangers.

Attachment was based on Maccobys key behaviours such as seeking proximity, seperation anxiety, pleasure when reunited and general orientation of behaviour.

Question 20

What were the findings of Ainsworth study?

Answer 20

Identified and categorised three different type of attachment styles.

70% were secure, distressed when separated from caregiver and sought contact and soothing on reunion.
10% were resistant where they were distressed on seperation and resistant on reunion.
20% were avoidant where they showed general detached behaviour and not seeking much contact when the caregiver left and on reunion.

Question 21

What are the strengths of Ainsworth study?

Answer 21

+ A very standardised and organised procedure as it was a controlled observation, easy to replicate and therefore can be tested for reliability and be conducted under several scenarios.
+ Has been used in different cultures to measure the attachment styles in different areas such as Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenbergs meta analysis on cross cultural variation.

Question 22

What are the cons of Ainsworths strange situation?

Answer 22

+Validity of the categories can be questioned as Main and soloman found that a small number of infants showed a disorganised array of attachments that had no consistent pattern of behaviour
+Ethnocentric (culturally biased) as it assumes that behaviour is the same in all cultures when it is based on American procedures, anything other than secure-attachments are thought to be wrong when in other countries it is considered normal e.g Takahasi and Japan.
+Social desirability may have affected the results as caregiver may act differently to how they treat the child as they are being observed.

Question 23

What did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg discover 1988?

Answer 23

They wanted to test wether attachment style percentages were universal across all cultures.
By using meta analysis on 32 studies using Ainsworths strange situation in 8 different countries they discovered that secure attachment was the main attachment style across all countries.
However, individualistic cultures such as Western countries had a higher portion of insecure avoidant while Eastern collectivist countries had a higher portion of resistant children, demonstrating that cultural norms and differences affect attachment styles.

Question 24

Evaluate Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg 1998 meta analysis

Answer 24

+ The use of meta analysis combines several different studies across different cultures which can be considered more reliable as it does not only consider one set of results but several. Also helped identify the different percentages of attachments in each culture

= Strange situation was created in America with American cultural norms therefore it can be questionable to assume that the same behaviours identified using the strange situation applies to attachment behaviours across other countries.
=It was found that there was also more variation between subcultures called intercultural variation suggesting that is is oversimplification to assume a child will behave a certain way just because they are in a culture.

Question 25

What is the MDH?

Answer 25

The maternal deprivation hypothesis is the theory that a continued disruption between infant and primary caregiver can lead to social, cognitive and emotional impairment to the infant and was originally thought to be irreversible, therefore present in adulthood.

Question 26

When did Bowlby propose the critical period was? What happens if you miss it?

Answer 26

Bowlby suggested the critical period was during 0-3 years , and was sensitive around up to 5 years.
He suggested that missing the critical period is very damaging and can lead to impairments such as affection-less psychopathy.

Question 27

What is the difference between privation and deprivation?

Answer 27

Privation: The child does not have a chance to form an attachment
Deprivation: The loss of an attachment that was present before

Question 28

Describe the 44 Thieves study by Bowlby

Answer 28

Study the long term effects of maternal deprivation through the study of 88 children in his clinic.
Two groups were matched for age and IQ, one group was the thieves group and had a history of stealing behaviours.

They were interviewed with their parents, particularly early childhood experiences and found that 14 were diagnosed with affection-less psychopathy and 12 of these had experienced prolonged seperation for more than 6 months with their mothers during the critical period of their life.

Question 29

Strengths of the MDH?

Answer 29

+ Has had positive real life applications by making sure that orphanages do not only take account of physical needs, but also placed an importance on emotional needs
+ Supported by Spitz who studies South American institutions where they received little emotional care and gained apathetic depression

Question 30

What are the cons of the MDH?

Answer 30

+ Rutter criticised Bowlby by not being able to differentiate between privation and deprivation as he describes them as the same thing
+ Socially sensitive research as it places a heavy importance on the care of mothers
+ Does not consider how the effects can be reversed as Bowlby originally believed that the effects of MD was irreversible e.g the Czech twins suffered from privation for the first 7 years of their lives, however when adopted- they were able to return to having normal behaviour and lead to have excellent relationships with their foster familie.

Question 31

What is institutionalisation?

Answer 31

The care provided in an orphanage and/or a children’s home which aims to meet the functional needs of an individual.

Question 32

What did Hodges and Tizard discover about institutionalisation?

Answer 32

Hodges and Tizard aimed to investigate the effects of institutionalisation on later attachments and the basic effects of privation.
The sample consisted of 65 children who had been placed in institutions at a few months old and had a lack of emotional care.

At age 4, some children were adopted, returned to old homes or stayed in institutions.
Individuals who were adopted had formed good attachments and had normal social and intellectual developments
However all children did show attention seeking behaviour and some difficulties in social behaviours

Question 33

How does Genie support the idea of MDH?

Answer 33

Genie was locked away and suffered extreme privation from a young age and when rescued her behaviour and vocabulary was studies. When attempted to be rehabilitated, she did learn attachments and new vocab, however the damage done to her capabilities were irreversible which supports Bowlbys MDH

Question 34

Describe Rutters Romanian Orphans study

Answer 34

Studied Romanian orphans who had been placed in orphanages 1-2 weeks from birth with minimal adult contact.
This was a longitudinal study where 100 RO were reassessed at 4, 6 and 11 and then 21 years later,

Orphans who were adopted by British families before 6 months showed normal emotional development.
Adopted after 6 months showed disinhibited attachments consisting of attention seeking behaviours.

These results showed a general patterns throughout the revaluations.

Question 35

Evaluate the Romanian orphans study by rutter

Answer 35

+ Real life applications such as the better understanding of institutionalisation and lead to improvements of how a child should be cared for
+ Longitudinal studies are good for establishing cause and effect relationships

=Since it was a longitudinal study there are high chances people had dropped out or that individuals may have no longer wanted to be in contact which would loose a lot of data and question the reliability of the data
= Information was obtained through interviews which may not produce reliable information due to social desirability bias of loss of memory

Question 36

What is Bowlbys continuity hypothesis?

Answer 36

Later relationships are likely to be a continuation of early attachment as the attachment style between an infant and its primary caregiver will build an internal model where all future relationships will be built of off.

Question 37

How did Hanzan and Shavers study support the continuity hypothesis?

Answer 37

Conducted a Love quiz experiment on the news paper and collected data based on early attachment types and attitudes on relationships

Individuals who were securely attached during childhood were more likely to be in current long lasting relationships whereas insecurely attached children were likely to be divorced.

Question 38

Evaluate Bowlbys continuity hypothesis

Answer 38

+ Supportive research conducted by Hanzan and Shaver
+ Allows us how to predict and possibly prevent certain behaviours in adulthood

=Deterministic approach as it assumes that our childhood completely defines how we will be when we are older, not everyone who has a bad childhood will have a bad future vise versa
= The contrasting temperant hypothesis which assumes that a childs innate personality decides how a attachment is formed not the building of an internal working model

Question 39

What did Kagan suggest?

Answer 39

Kagan suggested that the innate temperate of of a child determines different attachment types, not the mothers sensitivity thought by Ainsworth