memory key studies Flashcards
What did Atkinson and Shiffrin propose?
The multi store model
How did Jacobs (1887) support the STM in the multi-store model?
Tested STM capacity with the digit span test and found that participants had the capacity to remember numbers up to 9.
Supports millers 7+- 2
Capacity is limited
Case study of HM
Motor cycle accident which left him unable to code for long-term memory however his STM was unaffected demonstrating that there is an existence of separate stores
What did Baddely and Hitch propose?
Proposed the working memory model which provides a more complex explanation of how the short term memory works.
Clifford and Scott , anxiety and stress in EWT
Clifford and Scott found that people who saw a violent film remembered fewer items of information than individuals who saw a less stressful version which demonstrates how higher stress can effect EWT.
Yullie and Cutshall
Interviewed individuals who witnessed a very violent real life shooting who had remarkable memories of a stressful event even in the presence of weapons and even when interviewed 5 months later they had good memory
+ Against weapon focus and anxiety
Bartlett and reconstructive memory
Barlett proposed the idea that memories are stored in a way which best fits our schemas which may alter EWT
Presented students with the war of ghosts stories and told them to pass the story on similar like Chinese whispers.
At the end the story had been altered in a way which made sense to them. Passages became shorter etc..
Loftus et al and weapon focus
Conducted an investigation and showed participants slides of a customer in a restaurant. When holding a gun, participants tended to focus on the gun rather than any other details and were less likely to identify the customers appearance
Loftus and Palmer, the reconstruction of an automobile
Students were shown a video of a car crash and were asked “How fast was the car going when they _____” where the verb would be changed.
The speeds suggested were dependent on the severity of the words demonstrating how post event information can alter EWT.
Geiselman et al CI
Developed the cognitive interview which takes into account cue-dependent forgetting and aims to use all retrieval routes Reinstate the context Recall events in reverse order Report everything Describe from different point of view
Geiselman et al study
Participants viewed a violent crime and after 48 hours using SPI or CI, the number of correctly recalled facts were recorded which was the highest for the CI.
Holliday (2003)
Produced a modified cognitive interview more suitable for children which focuses on building a relationship.
MCI was more accurate on acquiring information on a child’s bday part than the CI.
However, the CI worked better when working with older participants by improving their less compete recall.
How did Peterson&Peterson test duration?
Conducted a laboratory experiment on PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS where they had to recall meaningless trigrams at different time intervals and had to count back in threes to prevent rehearsal.
Longer the interval = the less accurate the recall
At 3 seconds there was 80% recall and at 18 seconds there was 10% recall demonstrating that the short term memory was limited
Bahrick Year book study
A study of duration in the long term memory where American university student graduates had to match names to faces of their yearbooks.
90% recall 14 years after graduation
and
60% recall after 47 years of graduation
People can remember certain types of information that is meaningfully coded for lifetime demonstrating the endless duration of the longtime memory which supports the MSM of memory
KF and the working memory model
Got in a motor cycle accident and damaged this short term memory but mainly only had language impairments however his visual perception was fine showing the existence of several stores in the STM.
