Psychological disorder + Bio of psychological disorders

Question 1

What are the top 20 level categories?

Answer 1

1. Neurodevelopmental disorders: involve distress/ disability due to abnormality in the development of the nervous system
   
   1. Delirum
   2. Dementia
2. Sleep-wake disorder: distress disability from sleep-related issues, including insomnia and breathing-related sleep disorders
3. Anxiety disorders: abnormally worrying
4. Depressive disorders: abnormal long term negative mood
5. Bipolar and related disorders: abnormal moods, with periods of being normal mood called mania
6. Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders: involves distress/ disability from use of substances that affect mental function. Include alcohol caffeine, cannabis

Question 2

How to classify psychological disorders?

Question 3

What are the 5 anxiety disorders?

Answer 3

1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): excessive, uncontrollable worry about a variety of topics. Muscle tensions; difficulty concentrating or sleeping; feeling restless, fatigued or irritable.
   
   1. Symptoms: muscle tension, difficulty concentrating or sleeping, and feeling restless, fatigued or irritable are all common symptoms of GAD
2. Panic disorders: repeated, uncontrollable and unpredicatble panic attacks
3. Specific phobia: Excessive irrational fear of a specific situation
4. social anxiety disorder/ social phobia: intense fear of scrutiny or rejection in social situations

Question 4

Explain personality disorder

Answer 4

Has 3 clusters

1. Cluster A: odd/ eccentric - Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
2. Cluster B : Dramatic/ emotional/ erratic- antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
3. Cluster C: anxious/ fearful - avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive.

This is a disease that is characterized by an inflexible and enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings and behaviours that are very different from the social norms and cause functional impairment. These people have pathological personal traits ( rigidity, greediness) and maladaptive patterns of relating to others ( hostility, superficiality)

-that stabilize overtime and across situations

Question 6

What is the basis for Schizophrenia? and what do we think caused it?

Answer 6

• It is a rare disorder that has both biological and environmental aetiology
• what are the three parts of schizophrenia?
  
  • Cognitive- attention, organization, planning
  • negative - blunted emotions
  • positive -hallucinations delusion
• what caused it
  
  • decrease size in the cerebral cortex
  • abnormalities in dopamine

Question 7

What is the biological basis of depression?

Answer 7

What is depression: is an excives feeling of hopelessness of not wanting to do anything.

1. Areas of the brain with abnormal activity: frontal lobe and the limbic structure- decrease activity
2. Pathways that are abnormal:
   
   1. Raphe nuclei - deals with serotoning release
   2. Locus coeruleus- deal with norepinephrine release
   3. VTA- deals with dopamine release
3. Newers idea: neural plasticity is the brain changing in response to behavior, but we are not sure if the chicken cam before the egg.

Depressive disorder: distress and disability to abnormal negative mood.

• Frontal lobe: decrease activity
• limbic structures: decrease activity
• Both of these section pays a role in regulation of emotions and stress
• Hypothalamus: control of stress hormones
• abnormal serotonin
• norepinephrine: abnormal
• VTA: supply domapine to the brain
• Neuroplasticity: changes in response to experience
• • Besides biological there is psychosocial factors as well

Question 8

What is the basis for Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 8

What: most common dementia conditions

1. What happens: loss of cognitive function, difficulty to form memories. Memories but normal motor function until later stages
   
   1. make is hard to have basic abilities to live
2. What happens in the brain: cerebrum tissue decreases in size (Atrophy)
   
   1. Lose neurons
   2. amaloid plaque
   3. neuron tangles
   4. Nucleus basalis: important for cognition; lost early in course of Alzheimer - responsible for acetylcholine, and this is reduce during the progression of the disease.
      
      1. Energy pathways seems to be another way that alzheimer is created.

Question 9

What is the biology of Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 9

• Substantion nigra: less dark than the usual brain, because of a loss of the dopamine neurons
• Basal ganglia: receive info from the cerebral cortex and process the information and influence the motor cortex.