Individuals and Society Flashcards
what is self-concept?
- how someone perceived or evaluate themselves
Has two parts:
- Existential self: the sense of being separate and distinct from others. Most basic part, understanding that the self is constant (2-3 months)
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Categorial self: placing yourself in categories, happens when the baby realizes that he is separated- comes after existential self
- you can categorize yourself in ages, skill, gender ( “ I am a girl, I am a boy)
What is the Humanistic Theory?
Made by Car Rogers: base on the belief that self-concept comes in three parts
- Self-image: what we believe we are
- Self-esteem: how much value we place on ourselves
- ideal self: what we are trying to be
Self-concept is + when ideal self and real self-definition are similar you have a positive self concept
What is the social identity theory and identification?
- When you meet people you categorise them and make pre-judgement about them
- identification: when we adopt the identity of a group we see ourselves as belonging - influence our self-esteem (our personal worth)
- Comparison: this is how we compare ourselves to other groups to maintain our self-esteem
What is self-esteem, self-efficacy and the locus of control?
- Self-esteem: how one respect and regards oneself
- Self-efficacy: belief in ones own ability to succeed
4 things that help us determine:
- Mastery of Experiences: strengthens self-efficacy, when you’ve had a number of experiences under your belt.
- Social modelling: seeing people that are like us do the same tasks
- Social persuasion: when people support you helps overcome doubt
Self efficacy is not related to self-esteem
- Psychological response: learning to minize stress and control mood in difficult situation can improve self-efficacy
What is Locus of Control?
It is how much people believe they have control over an event.
- Internal: when a person believes they can influence the outcome
- External: attribute evens to environmental events
What is a summary of the 4 theory of development?
- Freud: psychosexual theory: 5 stages
- Erickson: psychosocial development theory overcoming conflict to develop personality 8 stages
- Vygotsky: sociocultural development - people learn through hands-on
- Kolhberg- moral development theory- moral reasoning and focusing on right and wrong
Explain Freud’s psychosexual development
Believe psychological development in childhood develop via the concept of tension and pleasure - these build-up causes conflict
- Believe in kundalini that he called libido and that this energy flows through different parts of the body if the energy stay stuck then it affects the child in adulthood.
5 stages
- Oral stage : 0-1 ( put everything in their mouths) helps in developing trust. Energy is focused on flowing here, if it becomes fixated then the person will have issues of dependency or aggression
- Anal stage: 1-2 ( toiled training) helps to develop control and independence, if fixated the person can become messy
- Phallic state: 3-6 discover difference between male and females. - if fixated sexual dysfunction can happen
- Laten period: not focus on libido helps in the development of social and communication skills
- Genital stage: back on libido because individual develop strong interest, develops needs of others
Erikson’s psychosocial development
Same to Freud but based his theory on culture and society.
Difference by Freud that he believed there was plenty of room for growth throughout someone’s life. He based his theory on the fact that a crisis can occur at each stage of development between the needs of individual and society if the crisis are able to be met in the 8 stages virtue and healthy personality can be acquired.
- 1 year: trust vs. mistrust: physical and emotion needs of infant is not meant = mistrust virtue is hope
- 2 years: autonomy vs. shame/doubt =around that time children are trying to establish independence it is important that the child be allowed to do that virtue achievement is will.
- 3-5 years: initiative vs. guilt =they want to play and ask question virtue is purpose. don’t act annoyed
- 6-12 years: industry vs. inferiority = child works towards competence helps with self-esteem
- 12-18 : identity vs. role confusion= figure out who they are virtue fidelity
- 40-65: Generativity vs. stagnation= they want to settle down and feel like they are needed
- 65+ integrity vs despair: slowing in productivity virtue is wisdom.
What is Vygotsky sociocultural development?
- social interaction affect cognition and there are 4 elements to mental functions
- attention
- sensation
- perception
- memory
What is Kohlberg moral development?
study how people develop their morals did so through stories and asked questions about the reaction to the stories. came up with three concepts of how people develop morals
- Pre-conventinal (pre-adolescent)
- Obedience vs. punishment: obeying the rules avoid punishment
- Individualism and exchange: recognize that there are different view points, not don’t authority
- Conventional
- Good boy and goo girl: conformity
- Law and order: child is aware of wider role of society and obeying laws
- Post-conventional:
- Social contract: rules and law exist for the greater good
- Universal ethical principle: people set their own set of moral guidelines. which may or may not fit the law. - only saints reach this level
What are Social Influences?
Can influence people in 3 different ways
- Imitation: govern by mirror neurons
- Roles: define what we do and what we are influenced us
- Reference group: the groups to which people use to evaluate themselves
- Lastly culture and socialization: important contribution of society to our personal development, the people and culture we live in
