Learning

Question 1

What is Nonassociative learning?

Answer 1

When an organism is continuously exposed to one type of stimulus for example

1. Habituation: decrease response to stimulus over time, after repeated exposure
   
   1. Example: at Farr night the beeping at first I noticed it a lot but after a while I was used to it
2. Dehabituation: a new response to previously habituated stimulus
   
   1. if I had gone on a vacation and came back to Farr 9 I would have heard it again
3. Sensitization: increased response to a stimulus over time
   
   1. When the stimulus causes an increased response over time
4. Desensitization: decrease response to a previously sensitized stimulus over time
   
   1. at first the beeping used to irritate me but over time it got better

Question 2

Associative learning

Answer 2

Happens when one event is connected to another type:

1. Classical: does not involve a change in behaviors, but pair a biologically potent stimulus to a previously neutral stimulus. Ex: calling someone at the same time everyday
   
   1. stimulus:
      
      1. Unconditioned: something that is innate, that naturally exude a reaction.
      2. Neutral stimuli: does not create an emotional reaction
   2. Generalization: the ability of something similar to the conditioned stimulus to give the same response as the conditioned stimulus.
   3. Discrimination: you respond to a stimulus but not other things
   4. Extinction: the stimuli can be removed from your system if you no longer have access to it.
   5. Spontaneous recovery: you can relearn the stimulus spontaneously but it will be ;ess frequently and less strong.
2. Operant conditioning: positive and negative reinforcement and punishment (B.F Skinner)
   
   1. ​deal with behavior and their consequences, and how these consequences can affect our behaviors. Two types: reinforcement and punishments.
      
      1. Positive reinforcement: added something to increase the behaviour
      2. Negative reinforcement: take something away to increase the tendency of the safe behaviour will happen
      3. Positive punishment: punish unsafe behaviours, by adding something
      4. Negative Punishment: take something away to decrease chances it will occur again

Question 3

What are Primary and secondary re-inforcements?

Answer 3

1. Primary reinforcements: innately satisfying things like food or sex
2. Secondary reinforcements: those that we learn to make reinforcements such as given something
   
   1. Token economy: things that can be used to be exchange for other reinforcers, for instance a trophy at the end of a run

Question 4

What is Shaping?

Answer 4

1. Learning something through practice is called shaping, you continue to reinforce the behavior that you need to have the optimal behavior that you want

Question 5

What is the schedule of reinforcements?

Answer 5

1. most of the behaviors that we have are on a partial reinforcement schedule:
2. Fixed-ratio: reinforcement only happens after a fixed number of responses -for instance selling a certain number of cars no matter how long it takes the most important part is that the number of cars reinforces the behavior not how long it takes.
3. Fixed- interval: time is the constant, the time is the most important, it doesn’t matter how many cars are sold.
4. Variable ratio: the reinforcement is delivered after the average number of right responses occurs
5. Variable interval: response is re-inforced after a variable amount of time has passed

Question 6

Innate vs. Learned Behaviours

Answer 6

1. Innate Behavior: if the behavior performed is performed correctly the first time due to a stimulus then the behavior was innate
   
   1. simple: reflexes, bugs flying towards light
   2. complex: fixed actions patterns ( mating etc)
2. Learned behavior: are learned through experiences
   
   1. Habituation: responding to an alarm decrease over time
   2. Classical conditioning: associated alarm with fire
   3. Operant conditioning: consequences that follow a behavior
   4. insight learning: solving a problem using past skills
   5. latent learning: learned behavior is not expressed until acquired

Question 7

What is the concept of operant condition for which you escape and avoid learning

Answer 7

what is aversive control: behaviour where everything is motivated by a threat or something that is not pleasant

1. Escape: leave an unpleasant stimulus, fire where you have to run and escape the fire
2. Avoidance: avoid the fire before it takes place

Question 8

what is Operant conditioning

Answer 8

• It is a form of associative learning, there are two types

1. Reinforcements: helps to reinforce a behavior so that you continue doing the behaviour in order to receive the outcome
   
   1. Positive reinforcement: when the desired stimulus is added ( Irim gets candy for not hitting Kendji)
      
      1. Avoidance learning: try to stay away from a future undesirable stimulus by preventing it. (jumping before something stains you)
      2. Escape learning: current undesirable stimulus removed - faking being sick while doing something you don’t like to avoid it.
   2. Negative reinforcements: undesirable stimulus remove ( Sarah decontaminates her whole house in order not to reduce her anxiety ie the undesirable stimulus- she felt a little better which means she will be more likely to clean again to reduce the stimulus)
2. Punishments: hope to decrease a behavior
   
   1. Positive punishments: undesirable stimulus added t ( Anna crie sure Irim pasque il tape kenji)
   2. Negative punishment: desirable stimulus is removed , when mom punish me when I was younger to not go outside and play

Question 9

What are the major psychotherapeutic approaches to learning?

Answer 9

1. Cognitive behavioral therapy: helps to change thoughts / belief and maladaptive behaviors
   
   1. Techniques: desensitization, self-talk try to replace destructive behaviors with healthy ones
2. Psychoanalytic therapy: try to connect how unconscious behavior that was rooted in childhood shapes behaviors.
   
   1. techniques: hypnosis, use to analyze unconscious behaviors
3. Humanistic therapy: helps to empower individual to move towards self- actualization
   
   1. techniques: unconditinal positive regard and empathy used to encourage client to reach full potential

Question 10

what is classical conditioning?

Answer 10

It is a form of associative learning, that happens when a stimulus that did does not previously elicit a meaningful response takes on the properties of a biological arousing stimulus. For example, this is the tactic that Constant use to lure me in when he started calling every day at the same time.

How it works: an example from uworld, OCD people were exposed to large ring and small ring and were conditioned to respond to the large ring

1. Before the training: unconditione stimulus ( electric shock) —– unconditioned response (startle)
2. During training: unconditioned stimulus ( electric shock) + neutral stimulus ( large ring) ——— unconditioned response ( startled)
3. Conditioned response: conditioned stimulus ( large ring) —- conditioned response (startled)

The key here is: the response the thing that creates a response is the stimulus. The neutral stimulus is something that you don’t even think about, so in the dating world you have

1. unconditioned stimulus ( phone call) ———- unconditioned response ( alertness)
2. unconditioned stimulus ( phone call) + time ( 9pm everyday) —– unconditioned response ( alertness)
3. conditioned stimulus ( 9pm) —- conditioned response alertness —

This is the game in a nutshell

Question 11

What are the characteristic of pattern over time of classical conditioning strengths?

Answer 11

1. ​Stimulus:
   
   1. unconditioned: give you reactions but is not associated with anything yet
   2. Natural stimulus: doesn’t give you any reaction
   3. You put the two together that is how you create conditioning learning.
2. Different responses to the conditional stimulus over time:
   
   1. Generalization: something that is similar to the same stimulus can also elicit a reaction. For instance, texting instead of calling
   2. Discrimination: the ability to differentiate between one stimulus and a similar stimulus. For instance, a dog that learns to salivate to a bell response only to the sound of that bell and nothing else.

Stimulus journey:

1. Acquisition: refers to the stage of learning when you are getting familiar with a stimulus or conditioned to it.
2. Extinction: the conditioned response will gradually drops in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus ( if you stop calling at a certain time) when the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the response you want.
3. Spontaneous recovery: when the stimulus spontaneously re-appears

Question 12

What is learned taste aversions?

Answer 12

it is a specific and powerful type of classical conditioning, that occurs when an organism becomes ill after consuming something, and stop eating it all together.

• A learned taste aversion can happen to a food even if the food didn’t create the reaction and cause the association to the food with the illness.

Example: when I got supper ill from consuming mushrooms in Boston and it took me a while to eat mushrooms after that