Motivation and attitudes

Question 1

What is motivation?

Answer 1

• It is what drives you to do something, the reason that we do what we do.
• It helps ask the question why ?

Question 2

Physiological concept of positive an negative feedback in motivation

Answer 2

• Positive feedback: increase production of product
• Negative feedback: decrease production of product, helps inhibit production

Question 3

What are the components of motivation?

Answer 3

1. Activation: initial push of going
2. Persistence: continue your effort towards the goal despise the obstacle
3. Intensity: how much effort you are willing to put into the goal to get results.

Question 4

What are the 6 theories of motivation?

Answer 4

Cycle: needs —crate a behavior — helps to satisfied out need

1. Instinct theory: we act based on our biological preprogrammed urges
   
   1. Criticism: this does not explain our inner needs motivations
2. Drive reduction: We are always trying to get our body to homeostasis.
   
   1. Criticism: this doesn’t explain why people want excitement
3. Arousal theory: graph indicated that as attention increase along with performance so does arousal and motivation but that eventually, it fades.
4. Incentive theory: our behaviour is determined by external forces (rewards, recognition)
5. Cognitive theory: expectation guides your behaviour due to the thoughts of it that you have. Says that there are two types
   
   1. Intrinsic:
   2. Extrinsic:
6. Self-determination theory:

Question 5

what are the 5 schools of thought of motivation?

Answer 5

1. evolutionary approach:
   
   1. The role of instinct: what do humans do to survive
2. Drive reduction theory:
   
   1. Base on drive and needs - drive is basic essential and physiological
3. Optimum arousal: people are motivated to feel full alertness of arousal ( amusement park example)
4. Cognitive approach
   
   1. our decision-making abilities and rational are what drives our behaviours.
5. Maslow hierarchy of needs
   
   1. we are motivated to satisfy certain needs in a particular order.

Question 6

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 6

A need must be fulfilled from bottom to top

1. Physiological: basic needs of water, food breathing, sleep mus be met
2. Safety needs of survival: safety of employment, health resources
3. Love: the need to belong and develop intimacy with other
4. Self-esteem: feel confident and sense of achievement, recognition and respect
5. Self-actualization: a person reaching their maximal potential

Question 7

What is the incentive theory?

Answer 7

• Rewards is created after an action has taken place with the intention of causing the behaviour to happen again
• This is only done by associating positive meaning to behaviour.

Example: get good grades you’ll get a scholarship

• Studies have shown that gaining rewards right after increases motivation and effect of behavior
• These rewards have to be obtainable, or else that the person will lose interest.

Reinforcements Positive reinforcement: making a person happier

• The person has to be positively stimulated continuously in order to keep the motivation of the behaviour.
• Skinner-* therapist that was involved the most with this class of thinking mentioned that a person will continue to do a behavior if it is positively received and will not do the opposite if the opposite is true.

Question 8

What factors of motivation that regular our intake of food sex and drug

Answer 8

• Biological :
  
  • Hormones:
• Socio-cultural factors: conscious thoughts and desires helps us known how we express these needs

Food

1. Biological: Hormones and positive feedback mechanism
   
   1. insulin + leptin
   2. metabolism: slows down when we diet
   3. weight set point: biologically set by our parents
2. Socio-cultural: why we eat
   
   1. time
   2. occasion
   3. desire
   4. appeal
   5. availability

Sex

1. Biological: hormones
   
   1. testosterone levels increase sex drive
   2. genetic pre-disposition to sexuality
2. Socio-cultural:
   
   1. age
   2. cultural
   3. stimulus: how responsive we are to visual or stimuli
   4. emotions
   5. psychological influence

Drugs

1. Biological:
   
   1. genes / genetic pre-desposition
   2. withdrawals and cravings
   3. biochemical factors
   4. limbic system activated by drugs; causes a state of euphoria
2. Socio-cultural
   
   1. curiosity
   2. rebel
   3. poor control
   4. stress management
   5. self-esteem issues
   6. relief themselves from fatigue
   7. feel good
   8. and higher poverty areas

Question 9

What is attitude? What are the three components of attitudes?

Answer 9

• A learned tendency to evaluate things in a certain way, people issues, events, objects
  
  • Affective: emotional how you feel towards something
  • Behavioural: act or behave towards an object or subjects
  • cognitive: forming thoughts or beliefs

The ABC model of attitude

Question 10

What is the theory of attitudes influence behaviour

Answer 10

1. Theory of planned behaviors:
   
   1. Implications & Intentions:
      
      1. intentions are based on three things
         
         1. Attitudes: our opinion towards a behaviour
         2. Subjective norms: what we think other’s thinkabout our behaviours.
         3. Perceived behaviors control: how easy or hard we think it is to control our behaviors
2. Attitude to a behaviour process model
   
   1. An event triggers and attitude, something that influences our perception of an object.
   2. Attitude + knowledge = behaviors knowing that junk food creates diabetes and not eating it.
3. Prototype willingness model
   
   1. Behaviour is a function of 6 things:
      
      1. Previous Behavior
      2. Attitudes towards a Behavior
      3. the function of subjective norms ( what others think)
      4. intentions
      5. willingness
      6. prototypes or models
4. Elaboration likelihood model for persuasion
   
   1. cognitive approach more so than the others, focus on the why and how
      
      1. Central: the degree of attitude changes depending on the quality of an argument
      2. Peripheral route: superficial and non-verbal cues

Question 11

How can our behaviours influence shape our attitudes?

Answer 11

1. Strong social pressure can cause our behaviour to shape our attitudes?

• Food in a door: we have a tendency to agree to small actions first and then we will do bigger things
• Role playing: the first few days in a role you feel weird you feel like you are acting - new mother, eventually as you do it a lot you will get used to it

Question 12

What is cognitive dissonance? and how do we deal with it?

Answer 12

1. Contradictions between attitudes and behaviours

What can we do? because cognitive dissonance creates discomfort here are the things that we may do to deal with it.

1. Modify the attitudes
2. Trivialize via making it less
3. Adding more cognitions - more thoughts
4. Denying that you have disonance

People overall strive for harmony, the moment that is taken away we have cognitive dissonance.

Question 13

What is social psychology?

Answer 13

A branch concerns the individual and the environment and how that interaction can shape behaviour.

• People behave differently depending on their situation: external instead of internal.
  
  • Criticism: it is hard to predict someone’s behaviour based on one situation, sometimes we behave in a way that is deviating from out typical character.
• Attribution:
  
  • internal vs. external:
    
    • External: a person is behaving a way because of the situation that the person is in three parts:
      
      • Consistency: does the person behave in the same way usually?
      • Distinctiveness: does the person behave differently in different situations?
      • Consensus: do other’s behave differently in this situation?
    • If the last two is yes then we can say that the situation is influencing our behavior
    • if all three is correct then maybe it’s not the environment but more so an internal thing