Cognition

Question 1

Explain Piaget’s stage of cognition development

Answer 1

1. children actively create their understanding of the world as they grow

4 stages

1. Sensorimotor stage: 0-2 years old have to smell and hear and touch things to learn about the world around us ( irim)
   
   1. they often don’t realize object permanence as in if the object is not seen by them they assume that it’s not longer exist. (that is why babies are so amuse by peek a boo)
2. Preoperational stage: (2-7) when children start developing or engaging in pretend play
   
   1. egocentric have no empathy
3. Concrete operational stage (7-11): start to understand the concept of conversations. The water test will let you know if they are in this stage - start learning empathy
4. Formal operational stage (12+): start to learn more about abstract things , and sophisticated reasoning is starting to kick in

Question 2

Human beings and problem solvers

Answer 2

Humans are excellent problems solvers we have various ways to solve it.

Question 3

what are four ways that humans use to solve problems?

Answer 3

1. Trial and error: usually not the most efficient
2. Algorithm: logical procedure of trying solution until you hit the right one
3. Heuristics: mental shortcut to find a solution quicker than other 2 exes: focusing on one category of solutions
   
   1. Means-end analysis: we break down main problems into sampler one
   2. Working backwards: start with the goal and use it to work backwards, use mathematical proof
4. Intuition: you rely on the instant you have a higher rate than the other to have an error
   
   1. Fixation: this is a concept that can happen in intuition problem solving where you can literally get stuck on a wrong approach - fixation however may lead to aha moment or insight, usually however insight comes after som time.

Question 5

what are some things that come into play when we are making decisions?

Answer 5

1. Heuristic: quick method to problem solving that is not guaranteed to be perfect
2. Availability method: using examples that comes to mind to solve a problem
3. Representativeness: people use a heuristic approach but then look for the most representative answer to the problem. ( different than availability because availability relies on memories)
   
   1. Can lead to conjunction fallacy: when people assume that the probability of two events is more likely than a single one -EX: Both feminist and a bank teller for people is more probable than just a bank teller.

Question 6

What are Biasis? What are the three types of bias?

Answer 6

1. Definition: these are things that prevent us from making correct decisions.
   
   1. Overconfidence: bias that you know more than you should come from fluency that you got from studying or just thinking you are the shit
   2. Belief perseverance: ignore things or cancel them out to meet your wants, ex: when you are dating someone and in your mind they the one you ignore certain red flags
   3. Confirmation Bias: seek out to confirm your beliefs
      
      1. Framing: sometimes people frame things so that they can look a certain way to influence your opinion, Fox 5 does that all the time

Question 7

What are semantic networks and spreading activation?

Answer 7

Concept: in order to solve a problem you have to have the ability to access what is already in your mind.

1. Semantic network: things are organized in our mind depending on how similar they are. If two things are fairly similar then the links will be shorter if they are not as close then the link will be longer.
   
   1. Hiearchiral: that was the first theory that things were organized in, higher-order to lower order categories.
   2. modified semantic network: individual semantic network developed based on experience and their knowledge
      
      1. Spreading activation: this means that all ideas are connected together, when you activate one concept you pull related concept together.

Question 8

What is Intelligence? How many types of intelligence is out there?

Answer 8

1. the ability to learn from your experience, solve problems and use your knowledge to adapt in new situations
   
   1. IQ use numerical score to measure these
2. Theory 1: general intelligence which tells that comes from the fact that people who score well on one test score well on other test.
   
   1. G factor: is what we call general intelligence
3. Theory 2: three intelligence
   
   1. analytical
   2. creative
   3. practical
   4. this theory states that IQ only measure the analytical intelligence

Question 9

What is emotional intelligence?

Answer 9

This takes care of the way you perceive, understand and manage your emotions during certain interactions

Question 10

what is fluids and crystallized intelligence?

Answer 10

1. Fluid: the ability to reason quickly and abstractly
2. Crystallized: accumulated knowledge and verbal skills

Question 11

Is intelligence nature or nuture?

Answer 11

Honestly it depends with identical twins it is believed that they have the same levels of knowledge - this suggests that intelligence might be a genetic component

Two theories

1. Fixed mindset: intelligence is biologically sed
2. growth mindset: the more you learn the more intelligent you become.

Question 12

What are the 4 theories of intelligence?

Answer 12

1. Spearman’s idea of general intelligence: single g-factor is responsible for people’s intelligence
2. Gardner’s idea of 8 intelligence: intelligence is divided into different modalities
3. Galton’s idea of hereditary genius: humans ability is genetic we get it from our parents
4. Binet’s idea of mental age: children at a specific age perform in a specific manner.