Psychiatry Pathology Flashcards
What happens during a tonic clonic seizure
Tissue hypoxia causing more lactate in the blood and low oxygen
What is spinothalamic tract responsible for
Pain and temperature
Vestibulospinal tract is responsible for?
Motor signals relating to posture
Cuneate fasciculus?
Fine touch, pain and proprioception
Posterior spinocerebellar?
Proprioceptive signals to cerebellum
Anterior corticospinal?
Motor pathway
memory problems in elderly patient, very progressive and shows behavioural changes - what is wrong?
frontotemporal dementia
what signs does anorexia nervosa exhibit
- hypercholesterolaemia
- low BMI
- bradycardia
- hypotension
- fine hair covering skin
what is transient global amnesia
isolated memory loss but everything else is functioning normally
medicine that is used for alzehimers and diarrhoea is the most common side effect
galantamine
medicine that is given to patients with severe anxiety
sertraline
what is refeeding syndrome
when nutritional intake is consumed too rapidly after a period of low calorie intake
- large spikes in insulin causes shift in vitamins
patient with decline in memory, lost way home - what is a good test to do?
TFT - hypo and hyper thyroidism can cause dementia
nihilistic delusion
negative thoughts - seen in depressed patients
grandiose delusions
patients believe they have high traits “they are rich” “they are the PM”
delusions of control
pt feels and external party is controlling them
what drugs are given in schizophrenia
dopamine receptor antagonists
capers delusions
pt believes they have been replaced by a clone
ekboms syndrome
pt believes they are invested with parasites
coward delusion
pt believes they are dead/rotting
child shows aggression, bullies, steals, throws tantrums, hitting animals
what disorder is this
conduct disorder
what’s a manic episode
when the person behaves strangely, its a part of bipolar disorder
person may be suddenly really happy and cheerful but also slightly aggressive
why should citalopram be stopped in a manic episode
it can cause mood disturbance
what is the first line management of Alzheimer’s disease?
memantine
what is the most common side effect of memantine
constipation
what is depression
fatigue
tiredness
weight changes
if symptoms are present everyday for 2 weeks or longer then can diagnose with depression
management of depression
- CBT
- SSRI - sertraline for adults
fluoxetine for children - citalopram or venlafaxine
- electroconvulsive therapy
what is anxiety
can be GAD or panic disorder
GAD - constant worrying
on edge
headaches
fidgeting
Panic disorder
- recurrent panic attack episodes
anxiety management
- CBT
- SSRI - sertraline
give propranolol for heart symptoms
eating disorder - what is it
anorexia nervosa - BMI <18.5
bradycardia
amenorrhea
OR
bulimia nervosa
- binge eating but vomit after
- dental erosions
- Russel’s sign - scarring on the fingers
management for anorexia
- re stock on the missing nutrients
however, careful of REFEEDING SYNDROME - when there is a drastic rise in nutrients it can cause drastic increase in insulin levels
- causes hypomagnesia, hypokalaemia and less phosphates
so give magnesium phosphate for anorexia
what is schizophrenia
severe long term mental health conditon
- auditory hallucinations
- thought disorders - insertion, withdrawal and broadcasting
management of schizophrenia
- risperidone - antipsychotic
- olanzapine
- clozapine - last as it has a lot of side effects
side effects of antipsychotics?
they are dopamine antagonists
dopamine inhibits prolactin so antipsychotics cause the increase in dopamine
- so prolactin is increased
- causes gynaecomastia, galactorrhea
- means that men can produce milk from breasts
management for acute bipolar disorder
acute manic attack with agitation - lorazepam
manic attack without agitation - olanzapine
management for chronic bipolar disorder
lithium monotherapy or CBT
lithium causes fine tremor
but if the tremor becomes noticeable then it means = lithium toxicity
lithium can also cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidous
what to remember when giving antipsychotic medication in manic episode
STOP ANTIDEPRESSANTS FIRST IT CAN MAKE THE MANIC EPISODE WORSE
post partum depression
can present up to 1 year after birth
what are baby blues
feeling low in mood up to 2 weeks after child birth
post partum psychosis
develops in the first 2 weeks of birth
hallucinations
management - sertraline/paroxetine
what are cluster A personality disorders
odd eccentric conditions
paranoid
schizoid
schizotypical
what is paranoid personality disorder
trust issues
hypersensitive
unforgiving
what is schizoid personality disorder
emotionally cold
lack interest in socialising with people
what is schizotypical personality disorder
odd behaviour
delusions
lack close friends
what are cluster B personality disorders
dramatic and emotional disorders
antisocial
borderline
histrionic
narcissistic
what is antisocial personality disorder
reckless and aggressive
go against social norms and laws
more likely to commit crime
what is borderline personality disorder
emotionally unstable
suicidal behaviour
impulsive with money
what is histrionic personality disorder
always seductive
always needs to be centre of attention
what is narcissistic personality disorder
arrogant
lack empathy
what is cluster C personality disorders
anxious and fearful
OCPD
avoidant
dependent
what is OCPD personality disorder
perfectionist
stingy with money
what is avoidant personality disorder
isolated although they want to be social
fear embarrassment
they don’t get involved in social settings
what is dependant personality disorder
difficulty making decisions
need someone to always give them reassurance
alzheimers dementia features
caused due to the build up amyloid proteins in the brain which causes memory loss and forgetfulness
semantic dementia
dementia associated with semantic memory
the ability to name objects and people
corticobasal degeneration
neurodegenerative
causes language problems along with ataxia and Parkinson’s
can cause clumsiness, jerking of the arms
Down syndrome is associated with what type of dementia?
alzheimers
- this dementia is caused by a build up of amyloid plaques and this amyloid protein is found on chromosome 21
- this is the chromosome that has the trisomy 21
normal pressure hydrocephalus
dementia that presents with incontinence, ataxia and gait issues
frontotemporal dementia
this is associated with personality changes, aggressiveness and impulsivity
progressive supra nuclear palsy
causes dementia with speech disturbance
what is the name of the condition in which patients fake illness to seek attention
Munchausen syndrome
cardiac side effect of haloperidol
it can cause prolongation of the QT interval; - repolarisation of the atrium and ventricles
it can cause VT and also death§
which med to be given to breastfeeding mums with post part depression
SSRI - paroxetine
long term use of corticosteroids can cause what?
it can cause cushings syndrome
rise in BP
memory issues
weight gain and also bruises
what to give to aggressive patient who isn’t calming down - DOESNT HAVE PARKINSONS
Haloperidol IM
what to give to aggressive patient who isn’t calming down - DOES HAVE PARKINSONS
IM LORAZEPAM
Side effects of lithium
it can cause hypothyroidism
and also nephrogenic diabetes insipidus - so the kidneys don’t respond to ADH
