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AMK > Cancers > Flashcards

Cancers Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mechanism behind a testicular germ cell tumour

A

These tumours release beta HCG which increases oestrogen levels and causes proliferation of the breast tissue

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2
Q

How likely are patients with genetics condition HNPCC to get colorectal cancer

A

90%

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3
Q

non tender, rubbery lymph nodes and night sweats and weight loss

A

Hodgkins lymphoma

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4
Q

non healing mouth ulcers is a sign for what cancer?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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5
Q

What is Lymphoma (different types)

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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6
Q

Symptoms of lymphoma

A

Fever and night sweats

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7
Q

Haemoptyosis
Fever
Chest pain
Biopsy shows keratin pearls

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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8
Q

Orphan Annie cells in biopsy

A

Papillary thyroid cancer

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9
Q

Reed stern berg cells in biopsy

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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10
Q

Signet cells on biopsy

A

Gastric carcinoma

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11
Q

What is CEA a marker for

A

Colorectal cancer

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12
Q

what are carcinoid tumours

A

tumours of the neuroendocrine system

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13
Q

presentation of carcinoid tumours

A

right sided abdomen pain
weight loss
long history of diarrhoea

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14
Q

metastatic cancers and painkillers - which ones are used?

A

they do not respond to NSAIDS or paracetamol
so have to use morphine

careful with patients with deranged renal function - morphine will get excreted slowly so more of it will stay in the blood for longer

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15
Q

common complication of opioids

A

respiratory distress

RR drops

so give Nelzon - it is the reverse of an opioid and given to patients in respiratory distress

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16
Q

normal dose of morphine in adults?

A

10mg

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17
Q

why does chemotherapy affect neutrophils

A

it attacks any rapidly dividing cells
neutrophils are often killed
- neutrophils come from the bone marrow

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18
Q

what medication is given post chemotherapy in order to stimulate bone marrow growth

A

GRAFIL

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19
Q

what is the first line management in neutropenic sepsis

A

broad spectrum antibiotics like tazocin

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20
Q

stage 1 cancer

A

cancer is small and contained within the organ it orginated from​

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21
Q

stage 2 cancer

A

hasn’t spread to surrounding tissues

22
Q

stage 3 cancer

A

large
has spread to surrounding tissues and lymph nodes nearby

23
Q

stage 4 cancer

A

has spread to another body organ

24
Q

ductal carcinoma in-situ

A

tumour grows in the ducts
- if left untreated then can get invasive
- cancer cells can migrate along the lactiferous ducts and over the nipple skin (pagets disease of the breast/nipple)

25
Q

lobular carcinoma in-situ

A

tumour clusters grow in the lobules
don’t invade the ducts
not a discrete lump

26
Q

signs and symptoms of breast cancer

A

hard and painless lump
swelling under armpits in the lymph nodes
breast is immobile and fixed
dimpling of the skin - peau d’orange
retraction of the nipple
pagets disease - itching, redness and discharge

27
Q

small cell carcinoma

A

main bronchus or hilar regions
older smokers
QUICKEST TO GROW

side effects:
SIADH - too much ADH, retain lots of water, can cause hyponatraemia and hypertension
cushings syndrome - XS release of cortisol, causes moon face, hypokalaemia and hyperglycaemia
Lambert-eatin myasthenic syndrome - muscles are unable to contract properly

28
Q

bronchial carcinoid tumour side effects

A

releases serotonin
bronchoconstriction

29
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

SMOKERS
causes horner syndrome - causes miosis, ptosis and anhidrosis

PTH-rp: hypercalacaemia
clubbing
hyperthyroidism

30
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

found in the smaller airways
NON SMOKERS AND ASIAN FEMALES

effects:
gynaecomastia
Horner syndrome

31
Q

symptoms of lung cancer

A

unexplained cough for over 3 weeks
blood in cough
weight loss
SOB
chest pain
fatigue

32
Q

symptoms of prostate cancer

A
  • difficulty urinating
  • blood in semen
  • bone pain

PSA levels are done to test for prostate cancer
these levels are high when patient has:
- acute urinary retention
- recent ejaculation
- UTI

33
Q

Testicular cancer symptoms

A
  • most common cancer in men aged 20-30 years

risks:
<45 years
caucasian
HIV
family history
Klinefelters syndrome

presentation - painless scrotal lump

34
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

most common skin cancer
DNA mutations due to UV light

small
pink pearly nodules
central depression
usually on head or neck
new vascularisation

risks: men and age

management - cryotherapy or Imiquimod or 5-florouracil

35
Q

squamous cell carcinoma - skin

A

malignant tumour of the epidermal keratinocytes

painful
tender
bleeding

irregular nodules
scaly and ulcer like

36
Q

melanoma

A

most aggressive skin cancer
over production of melanin causes mole to start over growing and look irregular shaped

more pigemented
irregular looking
growing rapidly
Asymmetrical
Border is irregular
Colour is different
Diameter is >6mm
Evolves fast over time

37
Q

cervical cancer

A

due to HPV
younger patients

dysplasia - can evolve over the cervix in 3 grades

carcinoma in-situ: affects the entire thickness of the epithelium

38
Q

signs of cervical cancer:

A

abnormal vaginal bleeding - after sex
vaginal discomfort
vaginal discharge and foul smell
dysuria
bloody urine and constipation if spread beyond the pelvic wall

39
Q

endometrial cancer

A

risks - nulliparity
obesity
early menarche
late menopause
PCOS

40
Q

Signs of endometrial cancer

A

post menopausal bleeding
intermentrual bleeding
pain and discharge

41
Q

ovarian cancer

A

risks - older age
smoking
late menopause
early menarche
obesity
HRT

signs:
bloating
abdo pain
urine frequency and urgency
change in bowel habits

42
Q

vulvar cancer

A

skin cancers that can affect the vulva

signs:
itching
non healing ulcer
vulvar pain

42
Q

vulvar cancer

A

skin cancers that can affect the vulva

signs:
itching
non healing ulcer
vulvar pain

43
Q

when to refer gynaecological cancers

A

if post menopausal bleeding in <55 years

44
Q

oesophageal carcinoma

A

GORD is a risk factor
mainly adenocarcinoma and squamous CC that cause it

signs
weight loss
dysphagia
hoarseness

45
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma

A

tumour of the liver

risks - Hep B or C
cirrhosis
alcohol misuse

signs - jaundice
ascites
hepatomegaly
splenomegaly

46
Q

upper Gi cancers 2WW

A

aged >55 with weight loss with: upper abdo pain
reflux and dyspepsia
and abdo mass

47
Q

what is MEN1 syndrome

A

it is multiple endocrine neoplasias

  • characterised by 3 tumours
  • parathyroid
  • pituitary
    and pancreatic
48
Q

What can be the presentation of a pituitary gland adenoma?

A

This will present with excessive prolactin hormone production, and in men can cause less body hair and nipple discharge in women. It can cause no periods and infertility.

49
Q

What are the symptoms of a TSHoma - a type of pituitary gland adenoma

A

It causes hyper thyroidism

50
Q

What are the symptoms of a ACTH producing tumour - a type of pituitary gland adenoma

A

Too much cortisol, and therefore Cushing’s disease

51
Q

What are the symptoms of a growth hormone producing tumour - a type of pituitary gland adenoma

A

It will cause acromegaly

AMK (27 decks)

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