Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AMK > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

pain in thumb, index finger and forearm
tingling in the arm
what is it ?

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is bilateral adrenal hyperplasia

A

common form of secondary hypertension
patient will be hypertensive but have a low k+ level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

features of SIADH

A
  1. low serum osmolarity
  2. high urine osmolarity
  3. high urine sodium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

parathyroidism

A

the parathyroid hormone PTH is released by the parathyroid gland
has calcium and vitamin D receptors

when PTH is released
- renal phosphate exertion increases
- plasma calcium increases
- absorption of calcium in the gut increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

hyperparathyroidism - impacts

A

major cause of hypercalacaemia
primary hyperparathyroidism - mainly due to cancer
secondary - CKD causes calcium levels to drop so PTH gets raised to compensate for this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the most common cause of hypokalaemia?

A

hypothermia

  • causes low levels of potassium due to a trans cellular shift of potassium when body temperature is low
  • it is the most common reversible cause of cardiac arrest
  • give patient potassium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is antiphospholipid syndrome

A

when the immune system accidentally makes antibodies which attack tissues

this causes blood clots in the arteries and veins
can cause miscarriage in pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which medications can cause Cushings syndrome

A

corticosteroids like prednisolone can cause too much cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which medication can cause hyperkalaemia

A

spironolactone - it is a potassium sparing diuretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which medication can cause hyponatraemia

A

omeprazole
PPI
PPIs can affect the normal function of the kidneys and therefore affect the electrolytes
they can also affect ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the side effects of carbimazole - a hyperthyroidism drug

A

it can cause neutropenic sepsis
so always check FBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is hyperaldosteronism

A

it is when the adrenal glands release too much aldosterone
it presents with high blood pressure and low potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

symptoms of worsening palpitations and tremors. He is found to have a goitre with a bruit and is referred to the Endocrinologists. His blood test reveal that he has developed thyrotoxicosis

what is the drug?

A

amiodirone

it has a high iodine content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is serotonin syndrome

A

it is when there is too much serotonin in the blood
this can cause symptoms such as diarrhoea
tremors
mental state changes eg confusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is addinosinan crisis

A

when someone takes steroids long term and then suddenly stops - the body naturally stops making steroids because of the external input of it

when steroids are stopped, there is a sudden decrease in steroids

causes the crisis

low aldosterone
low sodium
high potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the management for addisonian crisis

A

IV hydrocortisone - increase glucocorticoids which increase serum cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the investigation for Cushing’s disease?

A

Low-dose dexamethasone suppression test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the symptoms of Addisons disease

A

GI symptoms
hypotension
fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What infections can be a cause of Addisons disease

A

TB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

which hypertension medication can cause hyper and hypothyroidism

A

amiodarone

21
Q

why does amiodarone cause hypo and hyperthyroidism

A

Amiodarone contains high amounts of iodine - interferes with the production of thyroid hormones - hypothyroidism (Wolf Chailkoff)

amiodarone can cause hyperthyroidism - structural similarity of amiodarone to thyroid hormones, which can result in overstimulation of the thyroid gland (Jodd Basedow)

22
Q

most common cause of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy

A

graves disease

23
Q

symptoms of Cushings disease

A
  1. bruising
  2. obesity
  3. hypertension
24
Q

investigation of Cushings disease

A

to identify if there is an excess of cortisol

24 hour urinary free cortisol
Low-dose Dexamethasone suppression test

Localisation:

Plasma ACTH
High-dose dexamethasone suppression test

25
Q

investigation for Addisons disease

A

9am cortisol

having low levels in the morning means adrenal insufficiency

26
Q

what is the investigation for Conns disease (hyperaldoesterone)

A

aldosterone/renin ratio

it can present with weakness, thirst and low potassium

27
Q

what is the cause of primary hyperparathyroidism

A

this is when the hyperparathyroid gland produces more PTH - causes hypercalcaemia

28
Q

what is the cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

there is increased secretion of PTH in response to low calcium because of kidney, liver, or bowel disease.

29
Q

what is the cause of tertiary hyperparathyroidism

A

there is autonomous secretion of PTH, usually because of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

30
Q

what changes does hypothyroidism cause to the voice

A

causes voice hoarseness

31
Q

T4 and T3 normal function

A

increases metabolism
so everything speeds up
dry skin
hair loss
anxiety
palpitations
menstrual cycles - amennoreha

32
Q

examination findings od hyperthyroidism

A

tachycardia - vital signs
general insectpion - will be thin and wearing less clothes as they will be feeling hot
hands - dry skin, tremor, swelling of the hands and sweaty hands
eyes - bulging eyes - exopthamlosis
opthalmaplegia - one eye lags behind

33
Q

hypertension medication that can cause hyperthyroidism

A

amiodarone
it contains iodine can cause toxicity - as it increases the acidity of thyroid gland

34
Q

first line treatment of hyperthyroidism

A

symptomatic - propanol
prophylactic - carbimazole - common side effect is lower neutrophils
curative - surgery

35
Q

hypothyroidism features

A

everything slows down
decreased basal metabolic rate
periods become heavier

36
Q

hypothyroidism examinations

A

bradycardia
wear a lot of clothes will feel cold
be heavier
goitre in the neck
and oedema in the legs

37
Q

what is myxoedema coma

A

extreme symptoms of hypothyroidism
usually in the elderly
very long standing hypothyroidism
due to physiological stress
hyponatreamia
and hypoglycaemia
very cold temp

38
Q

management of myxoedema coma

A

iv levothyroixine
rise glucose levels
corticosteroids

39
Q

what is thyroid storm

A

extreme symptoms of hyperthyroidism
high temp
high glucose
high levels of sodium
sweaty
tachycardia

40
Q

clinical presentation of hyperaldosteronism

A

poorly controlled hypertension
hypokalaemia
metabolic alkalosis

41
Q

how do ace inhibitors affect aldosterone

A

they block aldosterone so less aldosterone therefore hyperkalaemia

42
Q

testing for hyperaldosteronins

A

bloods
urea and elerolyets
ABG
renin:aldoserone ratio

imaging - CT abdo

43
Q

management of primary hyperadostrone

A

give potassium sparing diuretic like spironolactone

44
Q

what is Addisons disease

A

primary adrenal insufficiency
low production of aldosterone and cortisol

can be autoimmune or TB causes

45
Q

presentation of Addisons disease

A

salt craving due to low sodium
high potassium - muscle weakness
reduced cortisol - reduced appetite and weight loss

hyperpigmentation - deu to increased ACTH

46
Q

presentation of Addisons disease

A

salt craving due to low sodium
high potassium - muscle weakness
reduced cortisol - reduced appetite and weight loss

hyperpigmentation - deu to increased ACTH

47
Q

presentation of Addisons disease

A

salt craving due to low sodium
high potassium - muscle weakness
reduced cortisol - reduced appetite and weight loss

hyperpigmentation - deu to increased ACTH

48
Q

presentation of Addisons disease

A

salt craving due to low sodium
high potassium - muscle weakness
reduced cortisol - reduced appetite and weight loss

hyperpigmentation - deu to increased ACTH

AMK (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions