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AMK > Dermatology > Flashcards

Dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

What is polyarteritis nodosa

A

Necrotising vasculitis of the muscular arteries

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2
Q

Symptoms of polyarteritis nodosa

A

Rash
Blackening ulcers
Dark in colour
Fevers
Fatigue
Weakness

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3
Q

Rash
Ulcers
Blackening rashes
Fever and fatigue

What does the patient have?

A

Polyarteritis nodosa

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4
Q

What is erythema nodosum

A

Hypersensitivity reaction
Inflammation of the subcutaneous fat
- painful nodules on the shin
More likely if you have Crohn’s disease

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5
Q

Pruitic rash on flexors of elbows is?

A

Atopic eczema

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6
Q

Patient has red rash on skin after being exposed in the sun for a long period of time

A

Discoid lupus eruthematosus

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7
Q

Dermatophytosis = ring worm

A

Circular lesions that are red and scaly

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8
Q

Impetigo signs

A

Golden and crusty lesion

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9
Q

Actinic keratosis

A

Skin condition which can cause squamous cell carcinoma

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10
Q

Signs Of actinic keratosis

A

Thick black plaques on the skin

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11
Q

Risk factors for getting actinic keratosis

A

Sun exposure

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12
Q

Management for actinic keratosis

A

5-flurouracil

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13
Q

What is SJS

A

Life threatening skin condition which causes a sudden painful rash

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14
Q

Why does SJS happen

A

Due to reaction to medicines like NSAIDS or viral infection

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15
Q

What is HSV herpes

A

Causes target lesions

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16
Q

What does streptococcus pyogenes cause

A

Bacterial tonsillitis

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17
Q

What is pityiasis rosea

A

Common rash that occurs after upper RTI
Causes widespread rash

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18
Q

Severe itch getting worse
More tired than usual
Cause?

A

Iron deficiency anaemia

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19
Q

Candida albacans

A

Rash that occurs in areas that fold

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20
Q

Haemanigioma

A

Proliferations of vascular endothelium

Pink and patchy

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21
Q

red lesions over legs that are painful to touch

A

erythema nodosum

  • more common in women
  • causes a painful rash
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22
Q

causes of erythema nodosum

A

it is lymphocytic vasculitis
- can be caused due to drug reactions
- chlamydia infections
- viral infections

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23
Q

what is acne rosacea

A

flushing of the forehead, nose, cheeks and chin

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24
Q

what kind of rashes does acne rosacea consist of

A

papules and pustules

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25
Q

what makes acne rosacea worse

A

spicy foods
sun
warm showers
hot weather

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26
Q

management for acne rosacea

A

topical antibiotics - tetracyclines (e.g. doxycycline, minocycline), macrolides (e.g. erythromycin, clarithromycin), and metronidazole.

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27
Q

what are topical corticosteroids used for

A

eczema and psoriasis

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28
Q

why should corticosteroids never be used for treatment of acne

A

it will worsen symptoms after a few weeks

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29
Q

what is the management for acne vulgaris

A

topical benzoyl peroxide

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30
Q

what is topical vitamin d analogue used for

A

psoriasis to help reduce the rate of skin turnover

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31
Q

large red rash on child, that is just getting bigger

it is bright red

what can it most likely be

A

haemangioma

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32
Q

what is the best management of haemangioma in children

A

leave it and do nothing
it typically goes with age

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33
Q

staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome - what is it

A

toxins on the epidermis are released from staphylococcus aureus

this causes intra-epidermal blistering

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34
Q

how does staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome present

A

it first presents as a red, scald rash
then goes onto causing peeling

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35
Q

why does staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome happen

A

common in infants
immature renal system which means they struggle to filter out toxins

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36
Q

treatment of staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome

A

IV antibiotics - flucloxacillin, cefotaxime, or clindamycin

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37
Q

which antibiotics are used to manage acne

A

tetracyclines, doxycyline

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37
Q

which antibiotics are used to manage acne

A

tetracyclines, doxycyline

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38
Q

what treatment medications used to treat acne are contraindicated in pregnancy

A

retinoids and tetracycline

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39
Q

symptoms of SJS

A

blisters and feeling of the skin

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40
Q

eosinophilic folliculitis

A

papular rash around hair follicles that is around the chest and neck
rash is very itchy

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41
Q

in what patients is eosinophilic folliculitis more common in

A

immunosuppressed like those who have HIV

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42
Q

treatment of eosinophilic folliculitis

A

HAART and topical corticosteroids

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43
Q

eczema herperticum - what is it

A

serious complication of atopic eczema

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44
Q

symptoms of eczema herperticum

A

widespread red rash and blisters
fevers
malaise

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45
Q

treatment for eczema herperticum

A

immediate treatment with IV aciclovir

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46
Q

what is pyoderma gangrenosum

A

deep pustular ulcer that occurs in a site after a minor injury
edges of the ulcer are blue/red
very painful

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47
Q

causes of pyoderma gangrenosum

A

autoimmune hepatitis
rheumatoid arthritis
leukemia

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48
Q

management of pyoderma gangrenosum

A

corticosteroids eg. prednisolone

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49
Q

tuberous sclerosis

A

angiofibromas (small red dots) that are on the face in butterfly distribution
leathery patches
white macules

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50
Q

what other symptoms can tuberous sclerosis cause

A

benign tumour in brain
can cause epilepsy
learning difficulties
behavioural abnormalities

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51
Q

fragile superficial blisters that are caused by IgG deposition
seen on the epidermis
seen as “chicken-wire”

A

pemphigus vulgaris

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52
Q

what is pemiphigoid gestationis

A

deep blisters due to IgG deposition on the basement membrane
only seen in pregnancy

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53
Q

which condition causes dermatitis herpetiformis

A

coeliac disease

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54
Q

acne is caused by which bacteria

A

cutibacterium propionibacterium

55
Q

what does staphylococcus aureus cause

A

cellulitis and impetigo

56
Q

what is seborrheoic dermatitis

A

Cradle cap
seen in infants
yellow greasy scales on the scalp

57
Q

treatment for seborrheoic dermatitis

A

massage olive oil

58
Q

what is a keloid scar

A

it is an abnormal over-proliferation of scar tissue after an injury

59
Q

patient has itchy rash and burning sensation in mouth on eating
irregular purple plaques on the wrist covered with white lacy lines

what is it?

A

lichen sclerosis

60
Q

what is lichen sclerosis

A

affects genitals
causes inflammation and destruction of genital tissue
causes ulcers in the mouth

61
Q

management of lichen sclerosis

A

corticosteroids

62
Q

what is dermatofibroma

A

firm, brown/yellow/pink coloured nodules
found in the lower leg
when squeezed - shows a dimple

63
Q

deep painful ulcer on shin
pustular surface of ulcer with blue overhanging edge

what is the likely cause of this ulcer?

A

crohns disease

patient is suffering with pyoderma gangrenosum - most common in inflammatory bowel disease

64
Q

what is seen in peripheral aterial disease induced ulcers

A

the ulcers will be punched out and skin around it will be cold, white and shiny

65
Q

diabetic ulcer features

A

these happen on pressure points like soles of the feet
shiny yellow patch on the skin

66
Q

what features are consistent with pemphigus vulgaris

A

involvement of the oral mucosa

67
Q

what are comedones

A

dilated sebaceous follicules in the skin - pores
they can be open (blackheads) or closed (whiteheads)

68
Q

what is the management of mollyscum contagiosum

A

watch and wait

69
Q

patient has blisters all over the body that is spreading all over the body
fever
soreness
when the blisters burst they leave raw patches
happened after a graze to the knee

likely diagnosis

A

staphyl scaled skin syndrome

70
Q

patient has rash and longitudinal rashes on finger nails

what is this a sign for

A

lichen planus

71
Q

patient has fever and target lesions and then ulcers in mouth
takes lamotrigine
what is the likely cause of her symptoms

A

stevens johnson syndrome
side effect of lamotrigine use

72
Q

bumpy red rash over buttocks and painful knees
occurs after an infection
what is the diagnosis

A

henoch-schonlein pupura HSP

73
Q

what is impetigo

A

golden crusty lesions
found around the mouth
very itchy
very contagious

74
Q

what bacteria causes impetigo

A

staphyl aureus

75
Q

management of impetigo

A

hydrogen peroxide 1% cream
oral flucacilin

76
Q

what is erythema nodusum - symptoms

A

fever
joint pain
more common in women
linked with - IBD and colitis
happens due to a hypersensitivity reaction
throat pain

77
Q

what is eczema herpeticum

A

secondary viral infection
develops fro atopic dermatitis
small vesicles in the skin
erupt on their own and causes scarring - when can then cause more infections
can cause sepsis

78
Q

Kawasaki disease - what is it

A

swelling of the coronary blood vessels
swelling of the heart valves

79
Q

symptoms of Kawasaki disease

A

strawberry tongue
pink rash
pink scraped lips
peeling of hands and feet
blood shot eye

80
Q

what is erythema multiforme

A

target lesions
pink plaques
darker centre
3 rings of colour
starts in the palms of hands
in areas of cuts
itchy

81
Q

which bacteria that is found in the soil causes gas gangrene - blackening and necrosis and then death

A

clostridium perfrinigens

82
Q

which bacteria is found in the intestines

A

e.coli

83
Q

puritic rash with wheels and swellings

A

hives

84
Q

features of slapped cheek syndrome

A

lethargy
headache
sore throat
runny nose
fever
erthymatous rash on cheeks and torso

85
Q

how long can children not go to school for if they have slapped Cheek syndrome

A

children are no longer infectious once their rash appears - they can go to school

86
Q

what are the benign skin conditions?

A

lipoma
histiocytoma
haemangioma
caseous cysts
seborrheic keratosis

87
Q

what is lipoma

A

benign tumour of the adipose (fat) cells
small
squishy

88
Q

what is histocytoma

A

BENIGN
tiny
hard lumps under the skin

89
Q

what is a haemangioma

A

BENIGN
large blood collection vessel that looks like red worms
collection of blood vessels that form a Lump under the skin
can be called ‘strawberry marks’
common in children

90
Q

what are caseous cysts

A

BENIGN
boils/ pus filled cysts on the skin

91
Q

what is seborrheic keratosis

A

BENIGN
originates from the cells on the outer layer of the skin
brown/black spots on the body
common in older people
slightly raised spots that are scaly or waxy looking

92
Q

what is actinic keratosis?

A

chronic sun damage
pre cancerous condition
scaly rash like on head/chest
sun exposed areas
common on bald men

can turn into squamous cell carcinoma

93
Q

squamous cell carcinoma - pathophysiology

A

abnormal accelerated growth of the squamous cells
very aggressive and fast spreading
common site for it is the mouth and lungs but can be found on the skin too

looks like a lesion with new vascularisation

94
Q

what is melanoma

A

cancer of the melanin cells that give colour to the skin

uneven borders
irregular colouration

95
Q

common feature of basal cell carcinoma?

A

raised and circular
with a central dip
very slow growing

96
Q

acne rosacea - symptoms

A

redness around the nose and mouth
‘butterfly’ shaped
painful spots that are big
raised lumps

97
Q

what medications can be a reason for poor prognosis of skin cancer

A

immunosuppressants

98
Q

what rash is this:

vesicular rash
bubbly red
tingles/burns

A

shingles

99
Q

what is shingles

A

shingles is the reactivation of the varicella zoster virus that stays in the basal ganglion

it spreads through the nerves to the skin and can cause the itching and tingling sensation

it is mostly only reactivated in patients who have a weak immune system

someone who has not had chicken pox can get it from being infected by someone with shingles. But if someone is immune to chicken pox they are not at risk from exposure to someone with shingles

100
Q

acral lentiginous melanoma - what is it

A
  • melanoma of the soles of the foot/palms/nails
  • most common type of melanoma in people with darker skin
101
Q

what is hand foot mouth disease

A
  • commonly affects children
  • rashes on hands and feet
  • painful mouth ulcers
  • common in children in nurserys
  • children won’t feed well
  • goes away by itself
102
Q

what is impetigo

A

bacterial infection
causes golden crusty flaky rash around mouth
give hydrogen peroxide

103
Q

what is folliculitis

A

inflammation of the hair follicle

104
Q

what is tibia corpurous

A

fungal infection
known as ring worm
active inflammation around the edges but the middle is normal - hence the ring shape
give anti fungal for it

105
Q

why does psoriasis happen

A

due to the very quick turnover of the skin cells - hence the flaky skin

106
Q

problems of chicken pox in pregnant woman?

A

congenital abnormalities in baby

107
Q

erythema multiforme

A

reactive inflammation - due to a trigger
- clear centre (bullseye rash)
- can be all over the body

NOT PAINFUL

108
Q

the skin is made of three main layers - which ones

A

epidermis
dermis
sub cutaneous

109
Q

the role of the epidermis and what it is made of

A

it is made from stratified squamous epithelium
and its role is in homeostasis in maintaining body temp
keratinocytes migrate from the basal layer to the epidermis and die along the way

110
Q

what is the role of filaggrin

A

acts like a natural. moisturising factor for the skin
having less of this can cause the skin to crack and become open to diseases
- mutations in the expression of fillagrin is a risk factor for eczema

111
Q

how long does it take for keratinocytes to travel from the Basel layer

A

30 days
this turnover is a lot faster in psoriasis - which causes the flaky skin

112
Q

what do keratinocytes produce that protect against bacteria

A

cytokines - these help with wound healing as wwell

113
Q

what is the dermis made of

A

collagen and elastin fibres- these make the skin more flexible
- it also contains fibroblasts and lymphocytes which protect against infection

114
Q

what is the papillary dermis an reticular dermis

A

papillary - contains the capillary network
reticular - thicker and denser
there is also sweat glands here

115
Q

what do the sabeous glands release

A

they are inactive until puberty
they release oils under the influence of androgens

116
Q

is the skin innervated with

A

sensory fibres that are responsible for priorioreception, heat and pain

117
Q

what is erythroderma

A

it is when over 90% of the skin gets inflamed
mainly due to drug hypersensitivity
it can cause fevers, thirst, dehydration and hypothermia

118
Q

pathophysiology of acne

A

abnormal keratinisation and increase sebum production causes the sabecous gland to become blocked

if this gets attacked by bacteria it makes it worse and the innate immunity causes connective tissue damage
neutrophils attack the gland

if the lesions are non-inflammatory: blackheads, open pores

inflammatory: papules and pustules that are filled with pus

119
Q

why does puberty make acne worse

A

the sabecous glands are inactive before puberty and androgens that are released during puberty cause the production of sebum

this is why acne is worse during puberty

  • also why the combined pill is useful in reducing acne coz it regulates the androgen levels
120
Q

what is rosacea

A

inflammatory rash with papules and pustules
- it is worse with sunlight and alcohol
- no comodones

treatment - topical metronidazole
with oral tetracyclines
- rash happens around the nose and mouth in a diamond shape

121
Q

allergic contact dermatitis is mediated by what?

A

it is a IV hypersensitivity reaction which is caused by T lymphocytes

122
Q

erythema multiforme happens due to mainly which virus?

A

Herpes simplex virus

123
Q

what is dermatomyosistitis

A

when there is skin changes and also proximal muscle weakeness
causes heliotrope rash - purple rash on eyelids
scaly rash on knuckles

124
Q

pyoderma gangrenosum what is it

A

it is an inflammatory skin condition which causes painful ulcers post minor trauma
commonly happens in the lower limbs
it causes a deep ulcer that is irregular and has a purple border

very common in other inflammatory conditions eg, IBD or RA

give oral predinosolone

125
Q

what is pityriasis rosea

A

it is a rash caused by HHV7
it causes a rash that is pink and raised on the trunk and the back

126
Q

what is a marjolin ulcer?

A

a squamous cell carcinoma that develops on ulcers and burns and other wounds

it is generally flat and hardened with elevated margins

127
Q

what is post herpetic neuralgia

A

pain in the area of where shingles affected the body, and the pain is characterised by tingling, burning etc

128
Q

management of impetigo

A

fusidic acid
if that doesn’t work then: flucloxacillin

129
Q

management of tinea ring worm

A

ketoconazole

130
Q

management of rosacea

A

topical metronidazole

131
Q

management of urticaria (hives)

A

causes itchy skin coloured wheals on the skin

manage with: Oral Cetirizine
second line: oral prednisolone

132
Q

management for cellulitis

A

if patient is heamodynamically stable but is on immunosuppressants - then admit immediately for IV antibiotics

133
Q

what is Porphyria cutanea tarda

A
134
Q

what is a traumatic ulcer

A

an ulcer that occurs due to trauma and doesn’t heal
isn’t as painful as venous and atrial ulcer

AMK (27 decks)

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