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Ophthalmology Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is it

Papilloedema

A

swelling of the optic disc due to increased intracranial pressure

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2
Q

what is it

Optic neuritis

A

-inflammation damages the optic nerve

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3
Q

what is it

Central retinal vein occlusion

A

PAINLESS loss of vision
Stormy sunset appearance
sudden loss of vision with relative afferent pupillary defect (when the affected eye won’t constrict when light is shone through)

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4
Q

what is it

Central retinal artery occlusion

A

Pale retina
Cherry red spot on macula

causes: thrombus, which can be causing blockage in the blood supply through the retinal artery

do carotid doppler to detect exactly where it is

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5
Q

what is hypopyon

A

fluid in the cornea

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6
Q

what is corneal arcus

A

white, blue or opaque ring

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7
Q

what is a Kayser-fleischer ring

A

copper ring around the cornea

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8
Q

what is posterior synechiae

A

irregular looking pupil

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9
Q

keratitis - what is it

A

white collection in the cornea

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10
Q

what is retinal detachment

A

when blood vessels bleed in the eye and cause scarring
blood pools in the retina causing it to detach

causes new onset loss of vision

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11
Q

what can cause retinal detachment

A

diabetes mellitus

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12
Q

patient recently had cataract surgery,
now there is inflammation in their eye redness and blurred vision

A

endophthalmitis

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13
Q

red macula
sudden painless loss of vision

A

central retinal artery occlusion

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14
Q

what are Roth spots

A

retinal haemorrhages with a white spot
found in infective endocarditis

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15
Q

what are the symptoms found in retinal detachment

A

flashes and floaters
reduced visual acuity and ‘curtain falling down’§

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16
Q

patient has one sided headache
jaw claudation
reduced visual acuity
raised ESR and CRP
swollen, chalky white optic disc

what is the most likely cause

A

anterior ischaemia optic neuropathy

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17
Q

what is anterior ischaemia optic neuropathy

A

infarction of the posterior ciliary arteries which supply the optic nerve head

common mechanism of visual loss in giant cell arthritis

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18
Q

what is giant cell arthritis

A

Giant cell arteritis causes inflammation of certain arteries, especially those near the temples. The most common symptoms of giant cell arteritis are head pain and tenderness — often severe — that usually affects both temples.

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19
Q

episcleritis

A

benign cause behind redness in the episclera
presents with deep pain in the eye that wakes the patient up at night
associated with rheumatoid arthritis

can cause blindness
COMMON IN YOUNGER PATIENTS

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20
Q

scleritis

A

redness in the sclera
deep pain in the eye
COMMON IN OLDER PATIENTS
photophobia
blurred vision

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21
Q

what is oribital cellulitis

A

infection of the eyeball and tissues around it
common in younger children

red, hot eye
eye pain
ophthalmoplegia - paralysis of the extraoccular muscles that control movements of the eye
ptosis - drooping of the eyelids
loss of vision

CLINICAL EMERGENCY

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22
Q

what is a chalazion

A

one of the glands in the eye gets blocked and so becomes swollen
- pain-free swollen gland
- more chronic
- use antibiotics and then excision and drainage

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23
Q

what is a stye

A

when the sebaceous glands inside the eyelids get swollen - they are the eyelash glands
-painful lump along the lid margin
- acute inflammation
- pull the eyelash to drain the pus

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24
Q

what are pan coast tumours

A

pan coast tumours are tumours that occur in the apex of the lung (top of the lung)
- when this gets bigger it can spread and affect the nerves of the eye
- this causes Horners syndrome
- this can cause weakness of the upper lid and ptosis

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25
what is Horners syndrome
nervous supply to the eye is done like this: three neurone pathway from the hypothalamus to the eye - damage to any part of the pathway causes Horners syndrome - symptoms consist of: 1. ptosis 2. constricted pupil 3. enophthalmos
26
what are the risks of being severely myopic
- eye ball changes shape to be like a rugby ball - this can cause the retina to stretch and cause tears in the retina - the tears in the retina causes: bright flashing lights flashers and floaters curtain falling
27
what is an ocular migraine
brief attacks of blindness or visual impairment flashing lights are seen
28
eye symptoms in an TIA
seems like a curtain is falling blood supply to the brain is affected and also causes hemi-paralyses
29
risks of being hyperopic
- acute angle closure glaucoma is very common due to the eyeball being really small
30
what is giant cell arthritis
inflammation of the lining of the arteries effects the temples common in older patients causes loss of vision and jaw claudication
31
what is optic neuritis
when inflammation goes onto damaging the optic nerve bundle painful eye movements and temporary loss of vision in one eye associated with multiple sclerosis
32
symptoms of acute primary angle closure glaucoma
headache red watery eye and mid-dilated pupil
33
scleritis
when the white layer of the eye gets inflamed and turns red common in rheumatoid arthritis
34
virtesous haemorrhage
boat shaped bleed in the eye caused by type 2 diabetes
35
neovascular glaucoma
- high pressure in the eye - artery and vein is occluded - this means that there is less blood flow to the frontal arteries - causes inflammation - and therefore increased pressure in the eye - can be a result of type 2 diabetes
36
what is hypopyon
pus in the anterior chamber
37
bacterial keratitis
bacterial infection of the cornea due to staph aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa it is found in people who wear contact lenses and then are exposed to contaminated water this causes the amoebae to enter - causes eye pain and redness - reduced visual acuity
38
hyperlipidemia causes what?
corneal arcus - which is green/yellow deposits on the cornea this is due to lipid deposits in the cornea
39
thyroid eye disease
eye muscles, eye lids and tear glands become inflamed - this causes the eyes to become red, pushed forward (proptosis) and lagophthalmos - cannot fully close the eye lids
40
orbital compartment syndrome
- happens due to acute rise in intraoccular pressure - if not managed immediately it can cause severe damage to the retina and optic nerve - emergency treatment is - lateral canthotomy - this involves exposing the lateral cantonal tendon to release the intraoccular pressure
41
Amblyopia - what is it
'lazy eye' which happens in young children
42
what is dacryocystitis
infection of the lacrimal sac of the eye - the tear duct gets blocked causes pain and watering of the eye
43
anterior uveitis is associated with what?
eye pain, swelling of the eye photophobia blurring vision and - patient also have ankylosing sponditis - which is back stiffness and backache
44
optic neuritis
an inflammatory demylienation of the optic nerve - due to the activation of the T cells that cause hypersensitivity reaction - can be due to multiple sclerosis or autoimmune conditions The clinical diagnosis of ON consists of the classic triad of: Visual loss Periocular pain Dyschromatopsia MRI head is done to investigate
45
herpes simplex keratitis
painful red eye photophobia causes a dendritic ulcer - green defect in the shape of the dendrite
46
what is primary open angle glaucoma
when the IOP is >21mmHg and the anterior chamber angle is open or if the IOP is normal but the glaucoma is due to optic nerve damage - the drainage system is clogged - slowly - so gradual onset - the angle between the iris and cornea is open
47
what is a glaucoma
pressure in the eye increases, if this is not managed then it can press against the optic nerve and damage it the drainage system that runs in the anterior chamber for fluids that lubricate the eye gets blocked - increasing pressure
48
symptoms of open angle glaucoma
loss in peripheral vision the outer rim of the nerve is damaged central vision can be lost too
49
close angle glaucoma
the angle between the cornea and iris is closed - it is too small for the fluid to drain - this causes the drainage to be blocked - rapid increase in pressure sudden onset - redness eye pain blurry vision and headache
50
scleritis - symptoms
severe pain in the orbit and pain on eye movement severe inflammation of the sclera worse at night common in those with rheumatoid arthritis does not blanch steroids and NSAIDs are used to manage
51
acute angle closure glaucoma
nausea and headaches blurred vision and halos fixed-dilated pupil
52
anterior uveitis
red eye pain blurred vision photophobia
53
corneal ulcer
pain photophobia watery eyes can be due to use of contacts
54
cluster headache
pain around the eye blood-shot eye comes in clusters swelling watery eyes
55
optic neuritis
ocular pain on movement common symptom of multiple sclerosis
56
corneal abrasion
damage to the corneal epithelium pain photophobia reduced visual acuity can be due to injury
57
keratitis
corneal inflammation infective or non-infective painful red eye photophobia white density around the cornea
58
keratitis
corneal inflammation infective or non-infective painful red eye photophobia white density around the corneae
59
Chorioretinitis - what is it
it is the inflammation of the choroid, which is a lining of the retina deep in the eye. it can be caused by Cytomegalovirus due to injecting drugs
60
when a patient is given prednisolone for GCA but then they get an infection what do you do with the dosage of the steroids?
you double the dose as during infection, steroid levels are lower, so many of the steroids will be excreted
61
Subconjunctival haemorrhage - what is it
bleeding under the conjunctiva it is painless can be due to trauma, straining etc
62
management of chalzaion
warm compress unless they get really big and cause Vision issues then use incision and curretage
63
- what is - Dry age related macular degeneration (Dry AMD)
thinning of the macula common in older patients it is the gradual loss of vision
64
what is relative afferent pupillary defect
- when light is shown in one eye, but both eyes respond differntly
65
what is endophthalmitis
It is a common complication of a cataract surgery, which presents after a few days It is an inflammation of the anterior cavity of the eye, mainly due to infection, causes a red painful eye
66
what are the symptoms of anterior uevitis
- It is the information of the iris, and ciliary bodies which causes pause and redness in the anterior chamber. - It can present with photophobia and pus, pain and gradual vision loss.
67
closed angle glaucoma symptoms
there is a rise in intraocular pressure secondary to an impairment of aqueous outflow. It is characterised by severe eye pain, a hard, red eye and a non-reactive pupil generally starts off asymptomatic until a little more advanced fixed mid-dilated pupil
68
open angle glaucoma symtpms
It is characterised by decreased visual acuity, loss of peripheral vision and high intraocular pressure.
69
keratitis presents with what kind of lesions?
they present with branched - dendritic lesions and also have a white acculumilation around the cornea
70
Cotton wall spots on the eyes associated with diabetes is seen in which eye condition
Retinal infarction
71
What abnormality is seen in the eye in diabetic retinopathy
Persistent hyperglycaemia can lead to damaged retinal vessels, leading to this chronic and progressive condition, that has the potential to cause loss of eyesight. Due to this new blood vessels or form which are a lot weaker and can break very easily, which is what causes bleeding in the eye
72
management for anterior uveitis
urgent specialist referral
73
closed angle glaucoma management
1. pilocarpine eye drops irodotomy - cutting of the iris - to release pressure
74
open angle glaucoma management
1. use laser SLT 2. prostaglandin analogues - latanoprost
75
what is wet age related macular degeneration characterised by
- it is rapid onset - followed by Dry ARMD - fundocsopy shows hard lipid exudates - formation of new blood vessels that can then bleed easily
76
difference between wet ARMD and diabetic retinopathy
In the wet ARMD there are fatty deposits and its progressive progresses from dry ARMD, and the deposit thought of lipid. In the diabetic retinal apathy, they're haemorrhages and neovascularisation generally seen in poorly controlled diabetes, cotton wool sports
77
Features of diabetic, retinopathy, mild, moderate and severe
In mild, there are only microaneurysms seen moderate there are haemorrhages and cotton wool spot or Venus beading severe either four quadrants have haemorrhages or 2 veins have changes
78
What is a feature of diabetic retinopathies, oppose to hypertensive retinopathies
venous beading
79
management for end stage wet AMD
Intravitreal injection with vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors (anti-VEGF)
80
what is a characteristic feature of dry AMD
yellow deposits on the fundoscopy
81
pre septal cellutlis - symptoms
inferior pain eyelid refraction red swollen eye life and oedema
82
orbital cellulitis - symptoms
recent URTI posterior hard eye very painful reduced visual acuity pain on eye movements immediate hospital admission
83
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis - what is it?
- it is a viral infection of the eyes which causes inflammation
84
what are the symptoms seen in Cytomegalovirus Retinitis?
Reduced visual acuity, 'flashes and floaters' in vision
85
what fundoscopy findings are seen in Cytomegalovirus Retinitis ?
retinal haemorrhages and retinal necrosis with 'pizza pie' appearance
86
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis is associated with which virus?
HIV
87
what is Endophthalmitis?
it is an inflammation of the intraoccular fluids of the eye common after cataract surgery
88
what does flourosescein do? What is the purpose of it?
it helps identify any defects in the corneal epithelium
89
management of subconjunctival haemorrhage?
wait and watch, is self resolving
90
S_____ cause raised intraoccular pressure of the eye
steroids
91
white/blue/opaque ring around the eye is called c_______
corneal arcus
92
Dry ARMD can cause deposits of what on the retina? | P_____
it can cause the eyes to have yellow deposits on the retina - protein
93
symptoms of optic neuritis
Painful loss of vision Abnormal perception of colours increased lacrimation central vision loss associated with MS common in young females
94
investigation for optic neuritis
do MRI head to investigate

AMK (27 decks)

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