PSYCH 1200 CH.9 Flashcards
Phoneme
unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than a random noise ex. letters b,p,
phonological rules
indicate how phonemes can be combined to forma words
morphemes
the smallest meaningful units of language
ex. the word dog has meaning when you add an ‘s’ to it the meaning changes
morphological rule
indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words
content morpheme- refer to things and events (dog, cat)
function morphemes- is grammatical functions (and, or, but)
syntactic rules
indicate how words can be combine to form phrases or sentences
3 characteristics of language development
- children learn language fast
- make few errors
- comprehension is better than language
speech sounds
infants can distinguish all human phonemes by 6 month
behaviourists explanations
theories of language development
B.F Skinner
language is learned through opperant conditioning (reinforcement/ punishment) and imitation parents spend their time teaching language
nativist theory
theories of language development
language is innate, biological capacity (chomsky) believed that the brain is equipped with universal grammar (language learning)
brocas area of the brain
left frontal cortex: language production
wernickes’s area of the brain
left temporal cortex language comprehension
aphasia
not being able to produce or comprehend language
linguistic relativity hypothesis
language shapes the nature of thought originated by Benjamin Whorf
concept
objects events or other stimuli concieved in the mind
necessary condition
something that must be true of the object to belong to the category
ex. thinking an animal is a dog because it looks similar to one
sufficient conditioning
something that is true of the object, proves it belong to the category
german shepherd= dog
prototype theory
object classified by comparing them to the best or more typical member of a category
ex. a dog has hair, snout, four legs
exemplar theory
comparing stored memories with new instances
ex. thinking a coyote is your dog while walking
rational choice theory
judging the value of outcome and then multiplying the two
picking the outcome that seems better
heuristic
efficient strategy that make decision making easier but doesn’t gaurentee a solution
availability heuristic
items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently
representativeness heuristics
making a probability judgement by comparing an object or event with a stereotype
conjunction fallacy
2 events occur rather than individually
decision making errors
-prospect theory
people take risks with potential losses and avoid risks with potential gains
optimism bias
the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of positive events and underestimate the likelihood of negative events.
belief bias
distortion of judgements about conclusions of arguments causing people to focus on believability rather than logic
illusory truth effect
repeated exposure to a statement increases the likelihood that people believe the statement is true
illusion of explanatory depth
people dont know something when they think they do
universal grammar
process that facilitate language learning
sunk cost fallacy
people make decisions on a current situation because of the last
analogical problem
trying to solve a current problem through similar findings of a problem similar to ours
functional fixidness
believing that an objects purpose is for only one thing
ex. the brick
syllogistical reasoning
two statements form a conclusion that is true
