PSYC228_Chap9 Flashcards
biologically based process of puberty affects
all domains of development
physical + cognitive + socio-eomtional
puberty
hormonal process resulting in reproductive competence + related physical development
endows adolescents with reproductive competence + marks potential for significant adult responsibilities associated with sexuality
brain-neuroendocrine (hormonal) process resulting in sexual maturation + related physical development
adolescence and puberty
not interchangeable terms
adolescence is a broader concept than
puberty
adoelescence
transition period in which young people move into adult cognitions, emotions, + social roles
timing of pubertal changes
varies among individs
during elementary school or start of senior yr of high school
5 key changes that occur during puberty
- development of specific organs in body responsible for reproduction (male + female reproductive systems) developement of primary sex characteristics. Males - changes in penis + testes, females - changes in ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina + cervix
- development of secondary sex characteristics associated with sex hormones but not reproduction. changes in skin, vocal cords, body hair, breasts
- growth spurts in height + weight
- changes in distribution of fat + muscle
- changes in circulation + respiration
primary sex characteristics
physical characteristics like internal + external genitalia directly associated with reproduction
secondary sex characteristics
physical characteristics assocaited with sex hormones but not directly with reproduction
like body hair, vocal cords, breasts
prepubescent phase
phase of puberty when some changes associated iwth puberty are underway but most haven’t yet occured
pubescent phase
phase of puberty when majority of changes associated with puberty are occuring
postpubescent phase
phase of puberty when majority of changes associated iwth puberty have been experienced + are complete
hormone
chemical that travels in bloodstream to target organs, helping them regulate variety of bodily functions like reproduction, sleep, hunger + stress
hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal HPA axis
communicative pathway betw 3 endocrine glands - hypothalamus, pituitary gland, + adrenal glands
pathway along which endocrine glands release hormones, established before birth
hormones activate various structures of body like gonads
organizational influence of hormones begins much earlier than adolescence
gonads
testicles in males + ovaries in females = sex gonads
activated by hormones
gender-specific parameters along which neural circuits develop are produced by hormones and develop during
embryonic stage of development
gender has an influence on how people develop neurologically at least as early as embryonic stage
GnRH hormone
active during puberty
directs relesae + synthesis of LH luteinizing hormone + FSH follicle-stimulating hormone
stimulates gonads to inc prouction of androgens + estrogens + complete development of sperm + eggs
testosterone
androgenic sex hormone produced by gonads (but in much lower levels in females) that is responsible for primary + secondary sex characteristics
estradiol
potent form of estrogen produced by gonads (but much lower levels in males) responsible for primary + secondary sex characteristics
hypothalamus
produces LHRH luteinizing hormone releasing hormone which is a chemical that stimulates secretion of hormones from the pituitary
pituitary
releases LH luteinizing hormone + FSH follicle-stimulating hormone into bloodstream, stimulating gonads to secrete sex hormones
adrenals
release androgens which trigger maturation of primary + secondary male + female sex characteristics
ovaries
release estrogens, which trigger maturation of primary + secondary female sex characteristics
testes
release testosterone which triggers maturation of primary + secondary male sex characteristics
menarche
first menstrual period of human females + signallying beginning of fertility
doesn’t necessarily mean release of first mature ovum/egg
typically occurs earlier for african + hispanic girls
girls with more body fat experience it sooner
ovum
mature female reproductive cell, egg
released from ovary during ovulation
mean canada age of menarche
12.72 yrs
significant differences betw provinces - % of early menarche is highest for new brunswick, % of late menarche is highest for ontario
high income - later menarche
early menarche - associated with breast cancer risk, metabolic syndrome, + weigth-related issues + obesity
permatogenesis
initial maturation of sperm into viable sperm cells with capability of fertilization
spermarche
first ejaculation of sperm by an adolescent male
hirsutism
medical term for excessive hair growth in women
usually sign of underlying issues that may be accompanied by irregular menstruation or weight gain
changes in muscle-to-fat ratio
males - inc in muscle, bec androgens are anabolic + create tissue growth
females - inc in fat, dec in muscle bec estrogens are catabolic + break down tissue while inc fat
by time girl reaches 20s, 20-25% of average healthy females body mass = fat tissue
males 15-18% average male’s body mas = fat
other secondary sex characteristics
skin becomes more sebaceous + oily + rougher sometimes leads to acne
voice deepens bec of larger larynx, especially in males
early maturers
adolescents who experience pubertal maturation faster than average rate of same-age peers
late maturers
adolescents who experience pubertal maturation slower than average rate of same-age peers
on-time maturers
adolescents who experience pubertal maturation at average time
body image
subjective, mental image of one’s own physical appearance
differences betw timing of maturation depends on
genetic diffs + social + cultural diffs
early-maturing girls are at greater risk for
psychosocial challenges than later or on-time maturing girls
lower self-esteem, poorer body image, higher rates of sexual promiscuity, depression, smoking, + drinking in early maturers
substance use = more prevalent in early maturing girls + boys across cultures
early-timing hypothesis
try to explain disadvantages among girls for early pubertal maturation
- mismatch of physical development + cognitive + emotional development
cognitively + emotionally unprepared to deal with complex pressures with looking more mature
relationship betw pubertal maturation and cognitive + emotional + behavioural changes is
not direct + inevitable
depends on context of adolescent
rite of passage
ritual that symbolizes transition form one period of lifespan to another
in most cultures
most have stages of: separation, transition, + incorporation
separation
first stage marking transition to adulthood involving distancing of adolescent from earlier social context physically and/or psychologically
transition
second stage marking transition to adulthood where adolescent learns how to be an adult
gap year - privileged transition
incorporation
final stage marking completed transition into adulthood, where new or more permanent responsibilities signify adulthood are taken up
takes up new or permanent responsibilities that signify adulthood
setting up a home, birthing + raising children
in industrialized countries, boundaries betw adolescence + adulthood are
blurry
during adolescence grey matter gradually
dec bec of synaptic pruning
most notably in prefrontal cortex which is responsible for compelx cognitive processes
same areas of brain that see dec in grey matter see inc in
white matter largely due to amounts of myeline which speeds up neural connections
changes in white matter are associated with
language development
growth in grey matter in prefrontal cortex linked to
inc executive functioning
but don’t know if brain changes cuase behavioural changes or if
behavioural changes cause brain changes or even if it’s causal relationship of either
adolescent’s bones are
getting denser, but also more likely to get broken due to doing dangerous stuff
growth spurt
sudden + intense inc in rate of growth in weight + height
at peak, growing at same rate as toddler
boys average 10.4 cm/yr
girls 8.9 cm/yr
closing ends of long bones signals conlcusion of growth spurt
girls peak rate at 12
boys continue until 18
females’ bodies grow earlier in order to prepare for reproduction +
making space for expansion of fallopian tubes, ovaries + uterus
asynchronicity
with reference to physical development during adolescence, process of uneven growth of physical systems.
some parts of body grow at diff rates
can result inn awkwardness of teens
why do men + women see diffs in muscle development?
hormones like androgens produced in higher amounts in males build muscle
hormones like estrogens produced in higher amounts in females inc fat tissue
formal operational stage
piaget’s 4th stage of cognitive development where adolescents + near-adolescents begin to think abstractly + use hypothetical-deductive reasoning
defining: some children begin to think in a more abstract way
ABSTRACT REASONING
abstract thinking
ability to think about possible situations, ideas, _ objects that are not immediately present or obvious
algebra requires
abstract reasoning + formal operational thought
what is at the core of formal thought?
hypothetical thinking = key diff betw concrete + formal thinkers
trial and error
type of elementary problem solving where solver attempts different immediate solutions with no systematic plan
rudimentary tendency of young childrne
hypothetical-deductive reasoning
ability to formulate varying solutions in one’s mind + think thru effectiveness of each possible solution
abilty to create variety of possibilities in the mind _ evaluate dimensions of problem
requires ability to hypothesize events
an extension of metacognition
formal operational thinker
evaluates their thinking + begins to improve thought strategies + reasoning ability
not just thinking baout thinking, but undertstanding thinking, controlling thoughts, refining thinking
no limits or boundaries, invalubale for imagination creativity + problem solving
adolescent egocentrism
elind’s term to descrieb adolescent perception that one is at teh centre of the social world
movie world of adolescent where they’re the star
imaginary audience
elkind’s term to describe adolescent’s assumption that his/her preoccupation iwth personal appearance + behaviour is shared by everyone else
personal fable
elkind’s tmer to describe adolescent belief that one is special + unique + invulnerable
motivations of the substance abuse stages
experimental stage - curiosity + peer pressure + risk-taking, infrequent use, learns drugs can produce pleasant mood swing
social stage - desire for social acceptance, bonding of adolescents
instrumental stage - seeking mood swing
habitual stage - misuse - seeking mood swing behaviour + lifestyle changes are made to accomodate use
compulsive stage - loss of control,
substance abuse is not helped by
personal fable
other people will get hooked on drugs, but not me - invulnerability
adolescent egocentrism is
cuvilinear pattern betw childhood + middle-to-late adolescence - preadolescents + late are likely to score significantly lower on dimensions of adolescent egocentrisms than early teenagers
adolescents are
not very good at assessing risk in relation to long-term consequences
optimistic bias
tendency for people to underestimate their own risk + overestimate risk to someone else engaged in same type of behaviour
especially if immediate benefits are high
positive youth development PYD
positive strengths-based perspective view of adolescence as a life stage involving 2 overarching hypotheses: the five C’s + youht-context alignment
young people = resources to be developed not problems to be managed
contrasts storm=stress view
5 C’s = 1st hypothesis of positive youth development
competence - pos view of actions + abilities in areas
confidence - inernal sense of self-worth + efficacy
connection - pos bonds with people and groups
character - sense of rightness + morality respect
caring/compassion - sense of sympathy + empathy for others
youth-context alignment = 2nd hypothesis in positive youth development
when strengths of youth are aligned with resources for healthy development within ocntext, PYD may be enhanced
resources = developmental assests which provide necessary nutrients for positive development of youth
developmental assest
resources that encourage + enhance positive youth development
betw 2002 + 2011, rate of reported gonorrhea sti inc by 40.8%
females betw 15-24 accounted for highest proportion of gonorrhea diagnoses
sti prevelance is higher wihtin
aboriginal communities
3.5 times higher rates of new HIV diagnoses in aboriginal pops
comprehensive sexuality education
sex education programs that present info about both abstinence + safe-sex practices
teach “safe” sex techniques, supposedly much more effective at promoting healthy sexual behaviuors + reducing risky sexual behaviours compared to abstinence-only sex education
abstinence-only sex education
sex education programs that promote only abstinence + don’t teach safe-sex techniques
not empirically shown to be effective, associated with higher rates of youth pregnancy + sti transmission
what is used as a direct indicator of young women’s opportunities + capacity to control aspects of thei sexual + reproductive health
teen pregnancy
canada pregnancy rate has
fallen over last several decades for teens
places that see highest rates of teen pregnancy in north america
places with high poverty + those that de-emphasize comprehensive sex education programs in favour of abstinence-only sex ed programs
risks to fetus or infant in teen birth
perinatal death, brain damage, low birth weight
inc likelihood of becoming teen parets themslves + high school dropout, + abusing drugs
most individs are first seriously exposed to alcohol + illicit drugs during
adolescence
60% of illicit drug users in canada are
betw 15-24 yrs
which adolescents are less likely to use drugs?
those engaged in school, have fiends, have good communication with parents
4 key groups of responses to youth drug use in canada
prevention
treatement
enforcement
harm reduction
most common forms of eating disorders
anorexia nervosa
bulimia nervosa
anorexia nervosa
eating disorder defined by excessive concern about gaining weight + restriction of food intake leading to extremely low body weight
bulimia nervosa
eating disorder that involves repeated episodes of binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting or another compensatory behaviour to prevent weight gain
what has teh highest mortality rate after psychiatric illness?
anorexia nervosa
phase delay
shift to later natural sleeping + waking times that is typically seen among adolescents
what % of fatal collisions/car accidents are linked to driver fatigue?
20%
delaying start times of schools can help students
grades improve so they can get enough sleep
how much sleep do adolescents need?
estimated 9 hrs 15 min
