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PSYC228 > PSYC228_Chap9 > Flashcards

PSYC228_Chap9 Flashcards

1
Q

biologically based process of puberty affects

A

all domains of development
physical + cognitive + socio-eomtional

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2
Q

puberty

A

hormonal process resulting in reproductive competence + related physical development

endows adolescents with reproductive competence + marks potential for significant adult responsibilities associated with sexuality

brain-neuroendocrine (hormonal) process resulting in sexual maturation + related physical development

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3
Q

adolescence and puberty

A

not interchangeable terms

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4
Q

adolescence is a broader concept than

A

puberty

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5
Q

adoelescence

A

transition period in which young people move into adult cognitions, emotions, + social roles

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6
Q

timing of pubertal changes

A

varies among individs

during elementary school or start of senior yr of high school

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7
Q

5 key changes that occur during puberty

A
  1. development of specific organs in body responsible for reproduction (male + female reproductive systems) developement of primary sex characteristics. Males - changes in penis + testes, females - changes in ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina + cervix
  2. development of secondary sex characteristics associated with sex hormones but not reproduction. changes in skin, vocal cords, body hair, breasts
  3. growth spurts in height + weight
  4. changes in distribution of fat + muscle
  5. changes in circulation + respiration
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8
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

physical characteristics like internal + external genitalia directly associated with reproduction

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9
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

physical characteristics assocaited with sex hormones but not directly with reproduction
like body hair, vocal cords, breasts

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10
Q

prepubescent phase

A

phase of puberty when some changes associated iwth puberty are underway but most haven’t yet occured

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11
Q

pubescent phase

A

phase of puberty when majority of changes associated with puberty are occuring

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12
Q

postpubescent phase

A

phase of puberty when majority of changes associated iwth puberty have been experienced + are complete

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13
Q

hormone

A

chemical that travels in bloodstream to target organs, helping them regulate variety of bodily functions like reproduction, sleep, hunger + stress

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14
Q

hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal HPA axis

A

communicative pathway betw 3 endocrine glands - hypothalamus, pituitary gland, + adrenal glands

pathway along which endocrine glands release hormones, established before birth

hormones activate various structures of body like gonads

organizational influence of hormones begins much earlier than adolescence

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15
Q

gonads

A

testicles in males + ovaries in females = sex gonads

activated by hormones

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16
Q

gender-specific parameters along which neural circuits develop are produced by hormones and develop during

A

embryonic stage of development

gender has an influence on how people develop neurologically at least as early as embryonic stage

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17
Q

GnRH hormone

A

active during puberty
directs relesae + synthesis of LH luteinizing hormone + FSH follicle-stimulating hormone

stimulates gonads to inc prouction of androgens + estrogens + complete development of sperm + eggs

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18
Q

testosterone

A

androgenic sex hormone produced by gonads (but in much lower levels in females) that is responsible for primary + secondary sex characteristics

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19
Q

estradiol

A

potent form of estrogen produced by gonads (but much lower levels in males) responsible for primary + secondary sex characteristics

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20
Q

hypothalamus

A

produces LHRH luteinizing hormone releasing hormone which is a chemical that stimulates secretion of hormones from the pituitary

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21
Q

pituitary

A

releases LH luteinizing hormone + FSH follicle-stimulating hormone into bloodstream, stimulating gonads to secrete sex hormones

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22
Q

adrenals

A

release androgens which trigger maturation of primary + secondary male + female sex characteristics

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23
Q

ovaries

A

release estrogens, which trigger maturation of primary + secondary female sex characteristics

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24
Q

testes

A

release testosterone which triggers maturation of primary + secondary male sex characteristics

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25
Q

menarche

A

first menstrual period of human females + signallying beginning of fertility

doesn’t necessarily mean release of first mature ovum/egg

typically occurs earlier for african + hispanic girls
girls with more body fat experience it sooner

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26
Q

ovum

A

mature female reproductive cell, egg
released from ovary during ovulation

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27
Q

mean canada age of menarche

A

12.72 yrs
significant differences betw provinces - % of early menarche is highest for new brunswick, % of late menarche is highest for ontario

high income - later menarche
early menarche - associated with breast cancer risk, metabolic syndrome, + weigth-related issues + obesity

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28
Q

permatogenesis

A

initial maturation of sperm into viable sperm cells with capability of fertilization

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29
Q

spermarche

A

first ejaculation of sperm by an adolescent male

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30
Q

hirsutism

A

medical term for excessive hair growth in women
usually sign of underlying issues that may be accompanied by irregular menstruation or weight gain

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31
Q

changes in muscle-to-fat ratio

A

males - inc in muscle, bec androgens are anabolic + create tissue growth

females - inc in fat, dec in muscle bec estrogens are catabolic + break down tissue while inc fat
by time girl reaches 20s, 20-25% of average healthy females body mass = fat tissue

males 15-18% average male’s body mas = fat

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32
Q

other secondary sex characteristics

A

skin becomes more sebaceous + oily + rougher sometimes leads to acne

voice deepens bec of larger larynx, especially in males

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33
Q

early maturers

A

adolescents who experience pubertal maturation faster than average rate of same-age peers

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34
Q

late maturers

A

adolescents who experience pubertal maturation slower than average rate of same-age peers

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35
Q

on-time maturers

A

adolescents who experience pubertal maturation at average time

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36
Q

body image

A

subjective, mental image of one’s own physical appearance

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37
Q

differences betw timing of maturation depends on

A

genetic diffs + social + cultural diffs

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38
Q

early-maturing girls are at greater risk for

A

psychosocial challenges than later or on-time maturing girls

lower self-esteem, poorer body image, higher rates of sexual promiscuity, depression, smoking, + drinking in early maturers

substance use = more prevalent in early maturing girls + boys across cultures

39
Q

early-timing hypothesis

A

try to explain disadvantages among girls for early pubertal maturation

  • mismatch of physical development + cognitive + emotional development

cognitively + emotionally unprepared to deal with complex pressures with looking more mature

40
Q

relationship betw pubertal maturation and cognitive + emotional + behavioural changes is

A

not direct + inevitable

depends on context of adolescent

41
Q

rite of passage

A

ritual that symbolizes transition form one period of lifespan to another
in most cultures

most have stages of: separation, transition, + incorporation

42
Q

separation

A

first stage marking transition to adulthood involving distancing of adolescent from earlier social context physically and/or psychologically

43
Q

transition

A

second stage marking transition to adulthood where adolescent learns how to be an adult

gap year - privileged transition

44
Q

incorporation

A

final stage marking completed transition into adulthood, where new or more permanent responsibilities signify adulthood are taken up

takes up new or permanent responsibilities that signify adulthood
setting up a home, birthing + raising children

45
Q

in industrialized countries, boundaries betw adolescence + adulthood are

A

blurry

46
Q

during adolescence grey matter gradually

A

dec bec of synaptic pruning
most notably in prefrontal cortex which is responsible for compelx cognitive processes

47
Q

same areas of brain that see dec in grey matter see inc in

A

white matter largely due to amounts of myeline which speeds up neural connections

48
Q

changes in white matter are associated with

A

language development

49
Q

growth in grey matter in prefrontal cortex linked to

A

inc executive functioning

50
Q

but don’t know if brain changes cuase behavioural changes or if

A

behavioural changes cause brain changes or even if it’s causal relationship of either

51
Q

adolescent’s bones are

A

getting denser, but also more likely to get broken due to doing dangerous stuff

52
Q

growth spurt

A

sudden + intense inc in rate of growth in weight + height

at peak, growing at same rate as toddler

boys average 10.4 cm/yr
girls 8.9 cm/yr

closing ends of long bones signals conlcusion of growth spurt

girls peak rate at 12
boys continue until 18

53
Q

females’ bodies grow earlier in order to prepare for reproduction +

A

making space for expansion of fallopian tubes, ovaries + uterus

54
Q

asynchronicity

A

with reference to physical development during adolescence, process of uneven growth of physical systems.

some parts of body grow at diff rates

can result inn awkwardness of teens

55
Q

why do men + women see diffs in muscle development?

A

hormones like androgens produced in higher amounts in males build muscle
hormones like estrogens produced in higher amounts in females inc fat tissue

56
Q

formal operational stage

A

piaget’s 4th stage of cognitive development where adolescents + near-adolescents begin to think abstractly + use hypothetical-deductive reasoning

defining: some children begin to think in a more abstract way

ABSTRACT REASONING

57
Q

abstract thinking

A

ability to think about possible situations, ideas, _ objects that are not immediately present or obvious

58
Q

algebra requires

A

abstract reasoning + formal operational thought

59
Q

what is at the core of formal thought?

A

hypothetical thinking = key diff betw concrete + formal thinkers

60
Q

trial and error

A

type of elementary problem solving where solver attempts different immediate solutions with no systematic plan

rudimentary tendency of young childrne

61
Q

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

A

ability to formulate varying solutions in one’s mind + think thru effectiveness of each possible solution

abilty to create variety of possibilities in the mind _ evaluate dimensions of problem
requires ability to hypothesize events

an extension of metacognition

62
Q

formal operational thinker

A

evaluates their thinking + begins to improve thought strategies + reasoning ability

not just thinking baout thinking, but undertstanding thinking, controlling thoughts, refining thinking

no limits or boundaries, invalubale for imagination creativity + problem solving

63
Q

adolescent egocentrism

A

elind’s term to descrieb adolescent perception that one is at teh centre of the social world

movie world of adolescent where they’re the star

64
Q

imaginary audience

A

elkind’s term to describe adolescent’s assumption that his/her preoccupation iwth personal appearance + behaviour is shared by everyone else

65
Q

personal fable

A

elkind’s tmer to describe adolescent belief that one is special + unique + invulnerable

66
Q

motivations of the substance abuse stages

A

experimental stage - curiosity + peer pressure + risk-taking, infrequent use, learns drugs can produce pleasant mood swing

social stage - desire for social acceptance, bonding of adolescents

instrumental stage - seeking mood swing

habitual stage - misuse - seeking mood swing behaviour + lifestyle changes are made to accomodate use

compulsive stage - loss of control,

67
Q

substance abuse is not helped by

A

personal fable
other people will get hooked on drugs, but not me - invulnerability

68
Q

adolescent egocentrism is

A

cuvilinear pattern betw childhood + middle-to-late adolescence - preadolescents + late are likely to score significantly lower on dimensions of adolescent egocentrisms than early teenagers

69
Q

adolescents are

A

not very good at assessing risk in relation to long-term consequences

70
Q

optimistic bias

A

tendency for people to underestimate their own risk + overestimate risk to someone else engaged in same type of behaviour

especially if immediate benefits are high

71
Q

positive youth development PYD

A

positive strengths-based perspective view of adolescence as a life stage involving 2 overarching hypotheses: the five C’s + youht-context alignment

young people = resources to be developed not problems to be managed
contrasts storm=stress view

72
Q

5 C’s = 1st hypothesis of positive youth development

A

competence - pos view of actions + abilities in areas

confidence - inernal sense of self-worth + efficacy

connection - pos bonds with people and groups

character - sense of rightness + morality respect

caring/compassion - sense of sympathy + empathy for others

73
Q

youth-context alignment = 2nd hypothesis in positive youth development

A

when strengths of youth are aligned with resources for healthy development within ocntext, PYD may be enhanced

resources = developmental assests which provide necessary nutrients for positive development of youth

74
Q

developmental assest

A

resources that encourage + enhance positive youth development

75
Q

betw 2002 + 2011, rate of reported gonorrhea sti inc by 40.8%

A

females betw 15-24 accounted for highest proportion of gonorrhea diagnoses

76
Q

sti prevelance is higher wihtin

A

aboriginal communities

3.5 times higher rates of new HIV diagnoses in aboriginal pops

77
Q

comprehensive sexuality education

A

sex education programs that present info about both abstinence + safe-sex practices

teach “safe” sex techniques, supposedly much more effective at promoting healthy sexual behaviuors + reducing risky sexual behaviours compared to abstinence-only sex education

78
Q

abstinence-only sex education

A

sex education programs that promote only abstinence + don’t teach safe-sex techniques
not empirically shown to be effective, associated with higher rates of youth pregnancy + sti transmission

79
Q

what is used as a direct indicator of young women’s opportunities + capacity to control aspects of thei sexual + reproductive health

A

teen pregnancy

80
Q

canada pregnancy rate has

A

fallen over last several decades for teens

81
Q

places that see highest rates of teen pregnancy in north america

A

places with high poverty + those that de-emphasize comprehensive sex education programs in favour of abstinence-only sex ed programs

82
Q

risks to fetus or infant in teen birth

A

perinatal death, brain damage, low birth weight
inc likelihood of becoming teen parets themslves + high school dropout, + abusing drugs

83
Q

most individs are first seriously exposed to alcohol + illicit drugs during

A

adolescence

84
Q

60% of illicit drug users in canada are

A

betw 15-24 yrs

85
Q

which adolescents are less likely to use drugs?

A

those engaged in school, have fiends, have good communication with parents

86
Q

4 key groups of responses to youth drug use in canada

A

prevention
treatement
enforcement
harm reduction

87
Q

most common forms of eating disorders

A

anorexia nervosa
bulimia nervosa

88
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

eating disorder defined by excessive concern about gaining weight + restriction of food intake leading to extremely low body weight

89
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

eating disorder that involves repeated episodes of binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting or another compensatory behaviour to prevent weight gain

90
Q

what has teh highest mortality rate after psychiatric illness?

A

anorexia nervosa

91
Q

phase delay

A

shift to later natural sleeping + waking times that is typically seen among adolescents

92
Q

what % of fatal collisions/car accidents are linked to driver fatigue?

A

20%

93
Q

delaying start times of schools can help students

A

grades improve so they can get enough sleep

94
Q

how much sleep do adolescents need?

A

estimated 9 hrs 15 min

PSYC228 (16 decks)

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