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PSYC228 > PSYC228_Chap11 > Flashcards

PSYC228_Chap11 Flashcards

1
Q

during young adulthood

A

brain continue to grow, body peaks in physical strength + mind finds ways to makes sense of adult world

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2
Q

adulthood timing is

A

different for diff people, depends on social world where they live

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3
Q

socialization

A

process of acquiring skills needed to adapt behaviours + expectations to fit norms of given culture

how culture prepares young people for adulthood
process by which parents, teachers, + community members encourage y people to control their behaviours, develop healthy habits, contribute to their families, schools + communities

implicitely promote taking responsibility = key makrer of adult status

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4
Q

in cultures where there is no clear line betw adolescence + adulthood, becoming an adult is

A

a personal, individualized experienced, not easilyt observed by others

process involves establishing oneself in adult social world by commirting to adult social roles like employee, spouse, parent, community member

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5
Q

2011 average age of mothers at birth of first child

A

28.5
5 yrs greater than average in 1965

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6
Q

what forces have altered pathways to adulthood in canada?

A

global, social, economic

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7
Q

cohabit

A

live together + have sexual relationship without being married

more likely now + more young people likely to leave 20s not married at all

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8
Q

betw 1972 + 2008 average age of firs tmarriage inc by

A

6 yrs

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9
Q

qualitative interview

A

research method used to gain understanding of way others think about a topic

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10
Q

emerging adulthood

A

stage of development betw adolescence + adulthood that young people in indusstrialized countries tend to have in late teens + 20s

based off qualitative interviews - Arnett said emerging adulthood = new twenty-first century stage of life betw adolescence + young adulthood

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11
Q

arnett said

A

emerging adulthood = time in life when young people explore possibilities in love + work + delay committing to relationships + careers

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12
Q

arnett’s 5 key characterisitics of emerging adulthood

A

identity exploration = exploration of who am I, especially with regard to love + work

instability = work, education, _ love tend to be in flux

self-focused = few responsibilities + great autonomy translate into much time to attend to self

feeling in-between = emerging adults typically odn’t feel like adolescents but don’t feely fully like adults either

a time of possibilities = as emerging adults begin to create their own lives, tend to feel great optimisim about their futures

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13
Q

argument against emerging adulthood stage

A

actually delayed or arrested adulthood
not about exploration but result of exonomic circumstances preventing young people from entering labour market

high unemployment + underemployment for young people

development stalled due to lack of job opportunities

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14
Q

young adulthood

A

stage of lifespan when adult is committed to 1+ adult social roles, including employee, homeowner, committed partner, + parent

characterized by committment to adult roles + responsibilities

carreers + marriages + parenting = key markers

most enetered by 30 yrs

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15
Q

what factors can affect when people take on roles associated with adulthood

A

family background
socio-economic status,
gender
race

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16
Q

vitality

A

capacity to live

peaks in 20s

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17
Q

senescence

A

gradual age-related decline in physical systems

follows peak of vitatality

noteceable sigsn of aging surface during 30s
- wrinkles
inc fatty tissue
greying of hair

fairly consistent arnd world

but lifestyle choices young people make in 20s + 30s have a lot to do with how aging process affects their bodies + brains

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18
Q

brains show potential for continued growth + maturation

A

well into 20s and even later

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19
Q

brain changes in 20s occur mainly in

A

prefrontal cortext as result of ongoing pruning + inc white matter volume

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20
Q

plasticity

A

process whereby brain continues to change

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21
Q

executive system

A

set of complex + sophisticated cognitive control + management abilities that require coordination of more than one region of the brain to perform

grows + evolves? as prefrontal cortex develops

maturation of executive system involves inc complex coordination in 2+ areas of brain
matures as result of types of experiences young people have during transition to adulthood

emotional control, organization, planning + prioritizing, goal-directed persistence + time management

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22
Q

problems with executive functioning are most often associated iwth

A

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD
but also seen by others

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23
Q

executive functioning abilities play role in

A

predicting educational + occupational attainment in 20s 30s, + midlife

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24
Q

workings of all biological systems are

A

interrelated

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25
Q

problems/impairments in executive functioning

A

activation = organizing, prioritizing, initiating work/projects

focus = sustaining + shifting attention

effort = regulating aletness, sustaining effort, processing info

emotion = managing frustration + modulating emotions

memory = utilizing + accessing short-term memory

action = monitoring + self-regulating action

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26
Q

after adolescence, bone lengthening

A

slows tremendously

complete arnd 25yrs

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27
Q

epiphyses

A

enlarged ends of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft

at end of growth, fuse + stop producing new growth

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28
Q

adult height determined primarily by

A

bone length

by emerging adulthood, we are as tall as we are going to get

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29
Q

why do females tend to reach max heights slightly earlier than males?

A

bec bone growth is closely related to hormones - estrogen which is in higher quantities in females

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30
Q

bone mass peaks in

A

early adulthood

80% bone mass acheived by 20

peaks arnd 30 yrs men + women

after that, rate of bone loss + new bone production is about equal

most young adults see bone mass deterioration has begun by mid 30s

31
Q

how can young adults protect bones?

A

by maintaining hormonal balance + emotional health

32
Q

bone mineral density

A

amount of minerals like ca in an individ’s bones as he/she ages

33
Q

muscle mass + strength peak in

A

20s

34
Q

muscle makes up approx

A

34% of mass - females
42% of mass - males

18-29 yrs

variation results from diffs in genetic + environmental contributions to growth during earliest yrs of development + influence of hormones on development during adolescence - estrogen

35
Q

atrophy = dec of muscle begins at age

A

25
muscle fibers begin to shrink + we lose muscle tissue altogether

lose about 0.5%-1% of muscle/yr

not noticeable till mid-40s

smaller muscles like arms lose muscle slower than larger muslcles like legs

36
Q

reproductive health

A

responsible, satisfying + safe sex life, including capability to reproduce, + freedome to decide if, when, + how often to do so

affected by norms, education + contraception

37
Q

height of active sexuality + reproductive abilities at age

A

18-30

38
Q

they say that

A

abortion doesn’t inc woman’s mental health problems but unwanted pregnancy does

39
Q

what % of women age 15-44 are faced with infertility

A

12%

often associated with age

woman’s likelihood of getting pregnant dec significantly fater 30s

40
Q

infertility is

A

stressful + often ssociated with dec in marital + sexual satisfaction

many couples turn to alternative pathways to parenthood - infertility treatement + adoption

41
Q

fertility

A

natural capacity to produce offspring

42
Q

infertility

A

medically defined as not conceiving pregnancy after 1 yr of unprotected sexual intercourse

43
Q

what % of infertility can be treated

A

90%

44
Q

treatments for infertility

A

surgery
ovulation induction
intrauterine insemination
assisted reproductive technology (ART - IVF)

45
Q

assisted reproductive technology ART

A

method of infertility treatment where eggs are removed from woman’s body, combiined with sperm + reintroduced into body

both sperm + eggs handled by medical staff

46
Q

in vitro fertilization IVF

A

manual combination of egg + sperm in laboratory dish

most frequent form of ART - 99% of cases

47
Q

what factors affect likelihood of couples using infertility treatments

A

economic status
religious beliefs
ethical considerations
individ needs oc couple

48
Q

lesbian + gay couples often have higher success rates with ART than heterosexual couples bec

A

often don’t have the underlying issues of being infertile

49
Q

adoption requires parents be

A

physically, mentally + legally fit

50
Q

adoption agency

A

orgnization licensed by province to prepare adoptive parents, counsel birth parents, perform home studies, complete paperwork, place children in homes, perform other adoption-related functions

51
Q

adoption counsellor

A

therapeutically skilled + trained professional who is also knowledgeable about adoption issues + dynamics

52
Q

adoption + child welfare is uner

A

provincial jurisdiction
each province ahs own laws + regulations

53
Q

gerontologist

A

professional who studies social, psychological + biological aspects of aging

used to assume that intellectual devlopment peaked in late teens + early 20s, then underwent noticeable dec in intellectual functioning

54
Q

world view

A

lens or overall perspective an individ uses to see + interpret the world; personal philosophy of life

55
Q

most cognitive dec does not occur till after

A

60s

56
Q

perry

A

said that upon entry into university students were assured of world view, then dualistic thinking challenged, destabilized + less ure of ways of seeing things
adopted more subjective world view that required them to understand context + multi-dimensionality of isse

57
Q

perry 3 main positions of adult intellectual growth

university students’ thinking develops thru 3 predictable stages

A

dualism = either/or thinking (sudents believe there is a single right answer to any question. students receive knowledge when professors teach it to them. students believe that learning involves taking notes, memorizing facts + demonstrating knowledge of facts on exams)

multiplicity = knowledge is subjective (students believe knowledge is an opinion. students + professors are equally entitled to their own opinions. students at this stage rebel against critique of their workd, believing that feeback is opinion)

relativism = knowledge is constructed (sutdents believe opinions are based on values, experiences + knowledge. students can argue their perspective _ consider relative merit of opinions by evaluating evidence. view faculty as having better-informed opinions in their area of expertise + believe professors are valuable in thier ability to teach students how to evaluate knowledge.)

58
Q

postformal thought

A

quality of thinking beyound piaget’s formal operational stage that includes cognitive felxibility, practicality, + relativism

manifests + matures in emerging adult yrs, labouvie

59
Q

cognitive flexibility

A

executive function that allows individ to piece together elemetns of knowledge to fit demands of given situation

gained by young people who develop postformal thought + less rigid world views

60
Q

creativity

A

state/quality of being able to generate new + valuable ideas or things

results when specific combinaiton of genetic predispositions, environmental factors + opportunity

beings to rise during emerging + late adulthood

61
Q

morbidity

A

rate of disease in population
very good for 18-30 yrs
most relatively disease free compared with later stages

62
Q

life course health approach

A

model that uses people’s trajectories of health from conception thru death to study + understand development of disease + promotion of health

longitudinal
considers each person’s individ health history/trajectory beginning in yrs before adulthood transition + stretching thru periods fater early adulthood

can see risk + protective factors from people’s earliest yrs make importantn contributions to health during 20s/30s

63
Q

mortality is

A

low in 20s/30s

64
Q

laeding causes of death for 19-29 yrs olds are consequences of high-risk behaviours

top 3 are

A

unintentional injury - 80%
homicide
suicide

65
Q

mortality

A

rate of death in pop

66
Q

potential yrs of life lost

A

estimate of average yrs person would have lived if he/she hadn’t died

67
Q

what % of people who die in emerging + early adult yrs are male?

A

75%

especially pronouced for homicide

individuals risk behaivour is most gendered during 20s - heuveline

68
Q

psychiatric disorders

A

mental disorder or mental illness that is a pattern of feelings, thoughts, or behaviours that cause distress or disability

common during emerging adulthood

durign average 12month period, 44% of 18-29 yrs olds will meet criteria for psychiatric disorder

rate is higher than any other adult age group

69
Q

what are the most common psychiatrid disoders for 18-29 yrs olds?

A

anxiety disorders
-abnormal, pathological worry

substance use disorders

mood disorders

70
Q

the chronic diseases of youth are

A

psychiatric disorders

bec 75% of psychiatric disorders in emerging adulthood are continuations from perv years

71
Q

4 modifiable health risk behaviours of many emerging adults

A

lack of physical activity
poor nutrition
tobacco use
excessive alcohol consumption

  • linked to inc risk for illness, suffering, + early death in adult yrs
72
Q

substance use disorder

A

mental disorder that occurs when substance use interferes with person’s daily life or functioning

73
Q

dec physical activity =

A

inc risk of heart disease
high bp
rype 2 diabetes
some types of cancer

PSYC228 (16 decks)

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