PSYC228_Chap11 Flashcards
during young adulthood
brain continue to grow, body peaks in physical strength + mind finds ways to makes sense of adult world
adulthood timing is
different for diff people, depends on social world where they live
socialization
process of acquiring skills needed to adapt behaviours + expectations to fit norms of given culture
how culture prepares young people for adulthood
process by which parents, teachers, + community members encourage y people to control their behaviours, develop healthy habits, contribute to their families, schools + communities
implicitely promote taking responsibility = key makrer of adult status
in cultures where there is no clear line betw adolescence + adulthood, becoming an adult is
a personal, individualized experienced, not easilyt observed by others
process involves establishing oneself in adult social world by commirting to adult social roles like employee, spouse, parent, community member
2011 average age of mothers at birth of first child
28.5
5 yrs greater than average in 1965
what forces have altered pathways to adulthood in canada?
global, social, economic
cohabit
live together + have sexual relationship without being married
more likely now + more young people likely to leave 20s not married at all
betw 1972 + 2008 average age of firs tmarriage inc by
6 yrs
qualitative interview
research method used to gain understanding of way others think about a topic
emerging adulthood
stage of development betw adolescence + adulthood that young people in indusstrialized countries tend to have in late teens + 20s
based off qualitative interviews - Arnett said emerging adulthood = new twenty-first century stage of life betw adolescence + young adulthood
arnett said
emerging adulthood = time in life when young people explore possibilities in love + work + delay committing to relationships + careers
arnett’s 5 key characterisitics of emerging adulthood
identity exploration = exploration of who am I, especially with regard to love + work
instability = work, education, _ love tend to be in flux
self-focused = few responsibilities + great autonomy translate into much time to attend to self
feeling in-between = emerging adults typically odn’t feel like adolescents but don’t feely fully like adults either
a time of possibilities = as emerging adults begin to create their own lives, tend to feel great optimisim about their futures
argument against emerging adulthood stage
actually delayed or arrested adulthood
not about exploration but result of exonomic circumstances preventing young people from entering labour market
high unemployment + underemployment for young people
development stalled due to lack of job opportunities
young adulthood
stage of lifespan when adult is committed to 1+ adult social roles, including employee, homeowner, committed partner, + parent
characterized by committment to adult roles + responsibilities
carreers + marriages + parenting = key markers
most enetered by 30 yrs
what factors can affect when people take on roles associated with adulthood
family background
socio-economic status,
gender
race
vitality
capacity to live
peaks in 20s
senescence
gradual age-related decline in physical systems
follows peak of vitatality
noteceable sigsn of aging surface during 30s
- wrinkles
inc fatty tissue
greying of hair
fairly consistent arnd world
but lifestyle choices young people make in 20s + 30s have a lot to do with how aging process affects their bodies + brains
brains show potential for continued growth + maturation
well into 20s and even later
brain changes in 20s occur mainly in
prefrontal cortext as result of ongoing pruning + inc white matter volume
plasticity
process whereby brain continues to change
executive system
set of complex + sophisticated cognitive control + management abilities that require coordination of more than one region of the brain to perform
grows + evolves? as prefrontal cortex develops
maturation of executive system involves inc complex coordination in 2+ areas of brain
matures as result of types of experiences young people have during transition to adulthood
emotional control, organization, planning + prioritizing, goal-directed persistence + time management
problems with executive functioning are most often associated iwth
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD
but also seen by others
executive functioning abilities play role in
predicting educational + occupational attainment in 20s 30s, + midlife
workings of all biological systems are
interrelated
problems/impairments in executive functioning
activation = organizing, prioritizing, initiating work/projects
focus = sustaining + shifting attention
effort = regulating aletness, sustaining effort, processing info
emotion = managing frustration + modulating emotions
memory = utilizing + accessing short-term memory
action = monitoring + self-regulating action
after adolescence, bone lengthening
slows tremendously
complete arnd 25yrs
epiphyses
enlarged ends of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft
at end of growth, fuse + stop producing new growth
adult height determined primarily by
bone length
by emerging adulthood, we are as tall as we are going to get
why do females tend to reach max heights slightly earlier than males?
bec bone growth is closely related to hormones - estrogen which is in higher quantities in females
bone mass peaks in
early adulthood
80% bone mass acheived by 20
peaks arnd 30 yrs men + women
after that, rate of bone loss + new bone production is about equal
most young adults see bone mass deterioration has begun by mid 30s
how can young adults protect bones?
by maintaining hormonal balance + emotional health
bone mineral density
amount of minerals like ca in an individ’s bones as he/she ages
muscle mass + strength peak in
20s
muscle makes up approx
34% of mass - females
42% of mass - males
18-29 yrs
variation results from diffs in genetic + environmental contributions to growth during earliest yrs of development + influence of hormones on development during adolescence - estrogen
atrophy = dec of muscle begins at age
25
muscle fibers begin to shrink + we lose muscle tissue altogether
lose about 0.5%-1% of muscle/yr
not noticeable till mid-40s
smaller muscles like arms lose muscle slower than larger muslcles like legs
reproductive health
responsible, satisfying + safe sex life, including capability to reproduce, + freedome to decide if, when, + how often to do so
affected by norms, education + contraception
height of active sexuality + reproductive abilities at age
18-30
they say that
abortion doesn’t inc woman’s mental health problems but unwanted pregnancy does
what % of women age 15-44 are faced with infertility
12%
often associated with age
woman’s likelihood of getting pregnant dec significantly fater 30s
infertility is
stressful + often ssociated with dec in marital + sexual satisfaction
many couples turn to alternative pathways to parenthood - infertility treatement + adoption
fertility
natural capacity to produce offspring
infertility
medically defined as not conceiving pregnancy after 1 yr of unprotected sexual intercourse
what % of infertility can be treated
90%
treatments for infertility
surgery
ovulation induction
intrauterine insemination
assisted reproductive technology (ART - IVF)
assisted reproductive technology ART
method of infertility treatment where eggs are removed from woman’s body, combiined with sperm + reintroduced into body
both sperm + eggs handled by medical staff
in vitro fertilization IVF
manual combination of egg + sperm in laboratory dish
most frequent form of ART - 99% of cases
what factors affect likelihood of couples using infertility treatments
economic status
religious beliefs
ethical considerations
individ needs oc couple
lesbian + gay couples often have higher success rates with ART than heterosexual couples bec
often don’t have the underlying issues of being infertile
adoption requires parents be
physically, mentally + legally fit
adoption agency
orgnization licensed by province to prepare adoptive parents, counsel birth parents, perform home studies, complete paperwork, place children in homes, perform other adoption-related functions
adoption counsellor
therapeutically skilled + trained professional who is also knowledgeable about adoption issues + dynamics
adoption + child welfare is uner
provincial jurisdiction
each province ahs own laws + regulations
gerontologist
professional who studies social, psychological + biological aspects of aging
used to assume that intellectual devlopment peaked in late teens + early 20s, then underwent noticeable dec in intellectual functioning
world view
lens or overall perspective an individ uses to see + interpret the world; personal philosophy of life
most cognitive dec does not occur till after
60s
perry
said that upon entry into university students were assured of world view, then dualistic thinking challenged, destabilized + less ure of ways of seeing things
adopted more subjective world view that required them to understand context + multi-dimensionality of isse
perry 3 main positions of adult intellectual growth
university students’ thinking develops thru 3 predictable stages
dualism = either/or thinking (sudents believe there is a single right answer to any question. students receive knowledge when professors teach it to them. students believe that learning involves taking notes, memorizing facts + demonstrating knowledge of facts on exams)
multiplicity = knowledge is subjective (students believe knowledge is an opinion. students + professors are equally entitled to their own opinions. students at this stage rebel against critique of their workd, believing that feeback is opinion)
relativism = knowledge is constructed (sutdents believe opinions are based on values, experiences + knowledge. students can argue their perspective _ consider relative merit of opinions by evaluating evidence. view faculty as having better-informed opinions in their area of expertise + believe professors are valuable in thier ability to teach students how to evaluate knowledge.)
postformal thought
quality of thinking beyound piaget’s formal operational stage that includes cognitive felxibility, practicality, + relativism
manifests + matures in emerging adult yrs, labouvie
cognitive flexibility
executive function that allows individ to piece together elemetns of knowledge to fit demands of given situation
gained by young people who develop postformal thought + less rigid world views
creativity
state/quality of being able to generate new + valuable ideas or things
results when specific combinaiton of genetic predispositions, environmental factors + opportunity
beings to rise during emerging + late adulthood
morbidity
rate of disease in population
very good for 18-30 yrs
most relatively disease free compared with later stages
life course health approach
model that uses people’s trajectories of health from conception thru death to study + understand development of disease + promotion of health
longitudinal
considers each person’s individ health history/trajectory beginning in yrs before adulthood transition + stretching thru periods fater early adulthood
can see risk + protective factors from people’s earliest yrs make importantn contributions to health during 20s/30s
mortality is
low in 20s/30s
laeding causes of death for 19-29 yrs olds are consequences of high-risk behaviours
top 3 are
unintentional injury - 80%
homicide
suicide
mortality
rate of death in pop
potential yrs of life lost
estimate of average yrs person would have lived if he/she hadn’t died
what % of people who die in emerging + early adult yrs are male?
75%
especially pronouced for homicide
individuals risk behaivour is most gendered during 20s - heuveline
psychiatric disorders
mental disorder or mental illness that is a pattern of feelings, thoughts, or behaviours that cause distress or disability
common during emerging adulthood
durign average 12month period, 44% of 18-29 yrs olds will meet criteria for psychiatric disorder
rate is higher than any other adult age group
what are the most common psychiatrid disoders for 18-29 yrs olds?
anxiety disorders
-abnormal, pathological worry
substance use disorders
mood disorders
the chronic diseases of youth are
psychiatric disorders
bec 75% of psychiatric disorders in emerging adulthood are continuations from perv years
4 modifiable health risk behaviours of many emerging adults
lack of physical activity
poor nutrition
tobacco use
excessive alcohol consumption
- linked to inc risk for illness, suffering, + early death in adult yrs
substance use disorder
mental disorder that occurs when substance use interferes with person’s daily life or functioning
dec physical activity =
inc risk of heart disease
high bp
rype 2 diabetes
some types of cancer
