PSYC228_Chap16 Flashcards
what age group start doing lots of reflecting on events that shaped them?
eldery/old age
what ifs + should haves + i dids
Erikson’s final stage of development
late adulthood
did I lead a meaningful life?
late adulthood erikson psychosocial crisis:
ego integrity vs despair
ego integrity
state of integration of ego that has evolved over lifetime
having integrity = lived life full of complex social relationships + clear personal indentity + intimacy
=person who is generally content with how life as unfolded
accepts life along iwth choices + social connections they’ve made
accrued assurace of the ability to find order, meaning + integration in one’s life
despair
what happens when 60-70s people aren’t able to integrate life + tell life story that conveys meaning + fulfillment
results from both lack of reflection + unfulfilled social interactions
= life full of regrets
complicated iwth fear of uncertain future + inevitability of death
conflicted perception that life is full of misery + hard times + ends too quick
typically bitter + blames societal institutions for creating life’s problems, bitterness toward society may reduce anger at oneself for wasting life
= feeling that on’es life lacks meaning + significance
why do older people recall memories + share them?
to revive + reinterpret + reintegrate them
glimpse of life review
life review
ongoing process of surveying, observing + summarizing themes that characterize one’s life in retrospect
process of telling one’s life story structured arnd themes that make meaning of one’s life
butler - universal + normal process of aging
geropsychologists use as therapeutic technique to inc self-understanding to dec depression + help older adults cope with feelings of loss, guilt, conflict, or defeat
in late adulthood personality stability is the
strongest for big five personalities traits compared wiht others
which older adults are more likely to be highly engaged in social roles + have increases in conscientiousness?
those with higher levels of agreeableness + conscientiousness
life narratives
an invidid’s life story that reflects a sense or lack of unity, purpose + meaning
life stories that invovled images, plots, characters + themes
they are shaped by and set in socio-cultural context in which individ ages
glorify good + vilify bad - differs by culture
when older adults evaluate the lives they liveed according to their culture’s rotion of what it means to have lived a successful life
basic assupmtion of the activity theory of aging
social interaction + physical activity are indications of successful aging
havighurst - believed for successful aging to occur, specific age-approriate tasks should be accomplished thruout the lifespan (leaning to read + understand math, marriage + raising family etc)
suggests that physical, cognitive + socio-cultural activity in late adulthood leads to successful agin + positive mental health
very old theory
further research beyond activity theory of aging say
individs must perceive activities to be positive + enjoyable for them to be associated iwth personal satisfaction + well-being
others contend that dec in involvement in social activity = normal in older adulthood - not the greatest indicator of unsuccessful aging
disengagement theory
cumming + henry
theory of aging that suggests it’s normal + healthy for older people to disengage from previous roles + focus energy on personal development
reduce involvement with society + society encourages it
allows older adults to carry on wihotu responsibility of societal obligations which are left for younger memebers
selective optimization with compensation SOC
idea that developpment is about gain + loss throughout lifespan
people of all ages have inherent drive to develop + maintain abilities
in older adulthood, have to adpt to unaboidable losses
baltes introduces soc theory in response to activity vs disengagement theories
successful aging = outcome of older adults using soc strategies to conserve resources + deploy skills to optimize thier potential to stay engaged + productive while minimizing loss of ability
useful for understanding older adults patterns of engagement with activities + conseptualizing social relationships iin later adulthood
socio-emotional selectivity theory
model of aging that focuses on diminishing social networks, leanding to positive emotional regulation based on perception that there’s limited time to live
for social relationhips + social networks
older adults become increasingly selective about social relationships - wnat to spend quality time with close persoanl friends + relatives
theory of motivation - aging = associated increasing preference for positive over negative experiences
optimizing investment in emotionally menaingful social relationships at expense of larger social network = healthy + adaptive way to regulate emotions + interact positivley in social situations
interactions betw older + younger generations change bec
both generations are getting older
average age of retirement in Canada
64
task of later adulthood
retirement + adjustment to retirement
how well a person adjusts to retirement is affected by
overall health
income
level of education
social network
level of activity
satisfaction with life before retirement
ability to be flexbile + adjust to life changes
what percent of north americans with career jobs return to work after retiring?
15%
in marriages where one spouse retires while one stays wokring marital stress
is mroe significant
initially after retirement, marital satisfaction dec
but after things settle in + they adjust, marital quality inc
what health benefits has volunteering been associated with
longer lifespan
inc life satisfaction
greater well-being
lower levels of anxiety + depression
older adults narrow their social networks, but actually
get mroe satisfaction from them
atchley 6 phases of retirement
- pre-retirement = person still employed but focusing on approaching retirement + what it may entail
person begins to disengage from workplace mentally + emotionally - retirement phase = 3 directions depening on person + perspectives on being unemployed.
honeymoon path - lots of activities like travelling
immediate retirement path - routine, when puruse existing hobbies with more time + attention
rest + relaxation path - little to no activity other than taking it easy - disenchantment phase = after initial reaction to retirement, may feel disappointed, restlessness or confusion. if trauma like death of spouse - more intense
- reorientation phase = look at how spending time + re-evaluate what they want to do , make changes like finding new hobby or volunteer work
- retirement routine = new focus may become basis, retired finally settle into comfortable routine which lasts many yrs likely
- termination of retirement = person becomes no longer able to do things anyway
social convoy
social support network to which an individ remains connected throughout lifespan
associated with subjective well-being
subjective well-being
person’s perception of their general sense of psychological satisfaction
what percent of people aged 55-64 were grandparents in 2011?
60%
what percent of people aged 65-74 were grandparents?
87%
beanpole family
family with members from many generations, but with few members in each generation
usually only 1 child = strong grandparent bond
remote grandparents
grandparent-grandchild relationship where grandparents are emotionally distant + primarily expect obedience + respect from grandchildren
companionate grandparents
grandparent-grandchild relationship where grandparents enjoy frequently entertaining their grandchildren
involved grandparents
grandparent-grandchild relationship where grandparents invovled with daily care of grandchildren
in 2011, what percet of children under 14 were being raised by grandparents
0.5% 30005
skip-generation families
highest rate of skip generation families were found where in canada
nunavut - 2.2%
followed by NWT then Sask
ageism = age descrimination
form of prejudice + descrimination against elderly in workplace in public interactions or at home
stereotypical + prejudicial attitudes + behaviours against an individ or group of individs due to their age
negative beliefes + behaviours against older adults
rooted in negative, unfounded beliefs about older adults
cranky individs who add little value to society - poor workers + poor drivers
cases of elder abuse are often associated with one of 4 key variables:
family stress
financial resources
relationship betw caregiver + elder person
family crisis
elder abuse
single or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there’s an expectation of trust that causes harm or distress to an older person
emotional well-being
state encompassing diff dimensions of wellness, including autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, purpose in life, + self-acceptance
positive mental helath
flourishing
keyes
life characterized by optimal levels of goodness, generativity, growth, + resilience
living a life in optimal range of functioning
opposite of flourishing
languishing
liveing a life that is hollow + empty
life characterized by lack of vitality + meaning
what % of adult pop is flourishing?
20%
characteristics of adults that are flourishing - keyes
meaning + purpose = routinely experience optimism, hope, gratitude, when make a positive impact on others thru work + legacy
positive emotional life = when experience challenge, adversity, or trauma, respond with hope + optimism
contributing to lives of others = helping others leads to sense of well-being in themselves + others
positive legacy = have a sense that they have done the best they could do with their abiilties + resources
what is one way emotional well-being is protective?
it’s associated with functional independence
funcitonal independence = abiilty to perform daily living activities safely + autonomously
what is the goal of supporting older adults + helping them maintain thier functional independence
to inc likelihood that they will remain lving in their communities + to delay or dec need for residential care
what % of canadians over age of 65 live in assisted living?
7.1%
increases dramatically with age though
if over 85 – 29.6%
assisted living residence
long-term care residence that serves the dependent elderly/disabled + offers 24hr protective oversight, food, shelter, + range of medical services
functional independence
ability to perform daily living acitivites safely + autonomously
in canada, majority of nursing home residents are
female - average age 82
most common health issues = bladder incontinence (70%) then Dementia (60%)
what propotion of lving alone senior citizens are women
2/3
half are single other half are widows
aging in place
growing older iwhtout having to move
keeps a person connected to memories of past + inc feelings of saftely + security + sustains familiarity wiht community + neighbours + helps maintain independence
assisted living situation
retain much of autonomy + indepedence + 24/7 medication management, 3 meals/day, housekeeping services, transportation, laundry services, full-time security + opportunities for social + recreational activities
staf help with bathing + dressing
costs them money - business venture
44% of nursing homes are for-profit
diff between assisted living + nursing homes
level of care
nursing homes - administer medical procedures + meds
assisted living isn’t - staff transport patients who need medical care + help manage prescriptions - don’t provide medical care
what % of suicides are done by individs 65+
14%
