PSYC228_Chap12 Flashcards
personality
combination of emotional, attitudinal, + behavioural response patterns of an individ
plays role in determining how young person will experience transition to adulthood
big five or five-factor model of personality
theory that there are 5 personality traits that combine to express personality
openness to experience
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism
personality inventory
a questionaire used to rate a person on a set of characteristics that amke up a respondent’s personality
rate descriptions of feelings, thoughts, behaviours on scale
yields personality profile
often completed by emerg + ya to help determine career match for personality, also indicate if personality warrants mental health professional
personality profile
unique combo of personality traits that describes more or less dominant features of an individual’s personality + dominance of the big five traits to one another
overall portrait of person that descibres the way that person is likely to think, act, or feel across variety of situations
yielded from personality inventory
myers-briggs type indicator MBTI 4 dimensions
introversion vs extraversion
sensing vs intuiting
thinking vs feeling
judging vs perceiving
- career interest
personality test that maps people along 4 dimensions + commonly used in career counseling
minnesota multiphasic personality inventory second edition MMPI-2
personality test used by clinicians for purpose of assessing traits associated iwth mental illness
mental illness traits + top security clearance positiosn for US central intelligence agency
psychosocial development assumes
personality is shaped throughout lifespan
thru challenges we face in each life stage, personalities become more adaptive + sophisticated + improving our ability to control impulses + respond to demands of our social worlds
psychosocial development
set of theories that assume personality is shaped thru experience + interactions with environment thruout lifespan
erikson’s central task of adolescence?
establishing personal identity
who am I , what can I become
starts in teens, not resolved until 20s
role confusion
lack of secure sense of self + identity according to erikson
those who fail to resolve questions about their identity
appear adrift, aimless, + without direction
young adulthood erikson stage
intimacy vs isolation stage
try to find our place in world thru love + work
can I love?
erikson - achieving intimacy less to do with marriage or romantic partner but an outcome of knowing oneself + having ability to share oneself with another
achieving solid sense of self/identity = essential step in achieving true intimacy with another
intimacy vs isolation stage
erikson’s 6th stage of psychosocial development, leading to capacity to share oneslef with another or not
what was associated iwth well-being + relationship satisfaction in the 50s?
identity + intimacy in early 20s
personality continues to change thru transition to adulthood + it changes
more in 20s than later stages of adulthood
conscientiousness + agreeableness tend to inc
extraversion + openness to experience tend to dec
neuroticism dec after adolescence + thruout adulthood
erikson’s 3 forms of intimacy
physical intimacy - most notable during early stages, physical acts like sex, idea that true intimacy doesn’t appear till later
intellectual intimacy - as relationship grows stronger. based on having shared attitudes, opinions, preference. forms basis of social relationships + driven by need for humans to connect with others
emotional intimacy - final + most substantive type of intimacy. forms as people share info about themselves like goals + dreams with each other. erikson believed that emotional intimacy rarely appears during emerging adult yrs
family life cycle
stages of development a family goes thru as a function of the aging + maturation of individ family members
useful for understanding how first-order change or development of the individ is related to second-order change or changes in the family
understanding how changes in individ are related to changes in family
first order changes
development of the individ in a family life-cycle
second order change
in family life-cycle, changes in the family
differentiation
ability to maintain sense of self while in a relationship with others
takes center stage in families as adult children face transition to adulthood
healthy differentiation more likely in families with high cohesion + low conflict
affective support
emotionally based expressions of interest, care + concern
parents may be important source of affective support during transition
instrumental support
provision of tangible assistance
money, goods
emerging adults receive more financial support from parents who
received higher levels of education
communion
levels of closeness + equality people want in their friendships
agency
amount of control individs perceive + assert over their life
individuality
extent to which individs actualize their true selves
social network
group of people who identify themselves as connected bec of some similar demographic, like religion, age, ethnicity,, or common interest, who interact regularly
social networking site SNS
internet-based community where people can join + conncet with others + share info + interact socially online
consummate love
relationship involving emotional + physical intimacy
romantic or love that involves sexual relations with partner
triangular theory of love sternberg
triangular theory of love
sternbergs 1997 theory suggesting that various types of love reflect diff combinatiosn of passion, intimacy, + commitment
thoery of consummate or romantic love
passion - physical componenet, lust, physical attraction, sexual desire, high heart rate, constant thoughts, need for proximity to person
intimacy - emotional connection as result of attachment + bonding, sharing personal feelings, beliefs, + values
commitment - conscious decision to maintain connection with another person. short-term = focus + mutually exclusive relationship
long-term = greater investment + acknowledgement of shared future
assortative mating
process thruout animal kingdom in which species seek out similar partners as mates
people tend to date people who are similar to themselves
what was associated iwth less steady romantic relationships in emerging adulthood?
harsh parenting + low parental monitoring
hook-up
sexual event involving mutual consent + mutual agreement that no relationship commitment is expected
heteronormative
assuming that heterosexual behaviour is the norm + that men + women fall into traditional sex roles in life
cohabitation
commitment to live with an intimate partner without a marriage certificate
majority are young
interpersonal schema
expectation about whether intimate relationships satisfy or deny emotional + psychological needs
assumption that adult attachment theories work from
interpersonal schemas developed during first yr of life are carried over into adult romantic relationships
relationship churning
on-off pattern found in some intimate relationships where partners frequently break up + reconcile
mimics approach-avoidance type of relationship in insecure attachement of infants + caregivers
personality disorder
long-term pattern of relating that causes problems in relationships + at work
1/5 18-25 yr olds apparently have a personality disorder
extreme cases of dysfunctional relating can result in intimate partner violence
intimate partner violence
physical, sexual, or psychological harm committed against a victim by a current or former partner/spouse
strongest predictors of interpersonal violence by young adulthood are
having a greater than average # of romantic partners + beginning sexual activity before age 16
average marriage lasts
8 yrs
1/2 of first marriages end in divorce by age 30-women or 32-men
gilbert says that strong relationships contain
separateness = creation of boundaries such that each person in relationship has self-direction + self-esteem
equality = preception that each partner holds equal status regardless of income, age, or traditional gender associations
openness = interactive sharing of ideas without fear of emotional consequences
high openness can only result when there is trust + honesty
separateness
dimension of self in which individs in relationship maintain boundaries
equality
reciprocal acceptance of each person’s worth in relationship
openness
clear, honest, + relevant process of communication
arranged marriage
cultural or religious tradition where family members + religious leaders rather than couple plan matrimonial arrangements
often have some level of input
family-initiated vs couple-initiated
common in cultures where anchored in heteronormative framework
cognitive reappraisal
ability to re-evaluate cause of an emotional state + mediate response
emerging adults gain better control
little evidence of cognitive reappraisal in adolescents
effortful control
ability to regulate responses to external stimuli
associated with mental health
research on career choice focused on 2 key cariables that influence decision making
career outcome expectations
self-efficacy
career outcome expectations
process one goes thru whne deciding about future career + focusing on costs + rewards involved in career choice
invidis realistic beliefs regarding costs + rewards of particular occupation
self-efficacy
beliefs regarding one’s ability to succeed
do I have the academic skills to get into law + pass classes?
identity consolidation
challenge of refining + organizing one’s personal identity in response to new adult roles, responsibilities + contexts
diathesis-stress model
model suggesting abnormal behaviour results from combo of genetic predispositions toward psychopathology + environmental stressors
psycopathology cuased by interaction among genes environemtn + life experiences
quarter-life crisis
hypothesis proposing that task of becoming adult is experienced as a personal crisis in mid 20s
takes into account genetics stressors + coping mechanisms to explain why some individs develop mental disorders
what is one factor that contributes to overeall incing mental health during emerging adult yrs
ability to set + achieve goals
