Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC228 > PSYC228_Chap4 > Flashcards

PSYC228_Chap4 Flashcards

1
Q

psychodynamic perspective

A

Freud + Erikson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Freud oral/anal stages

A

individ’s passive agents whose personalities driven by unconscious conflict betw biology of survival + societal rules + regulations
libido for survival
idea that libido was satisfied in mouth + anal area

toilet trainnig + sucking thumb/nursing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

freud’s believed adult outcomes of infant fixations

A

overeating, alcoholism, smoking, sarcasm, talking too much - oral fixation during oral stage

anal-retentive personality - overly neat, orderly + controlled or anal-expulsive personality - messy, highly emotionally expressive, undercontrolled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

part of personality or psychic structure that emerges during oral stage

A

id
no boundaries/limits
instant gratification
controversial oral stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

freud’s anal stage - toilet training initiates new personality compoenent?

A

ego
control id + impulsive bodily functions - bowl movements
continuing life theme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

oral fixation

A

return to oral stage in later life shown thru habits like smoking, gum chewing, as result of too much/little gratification durign oral stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

anal fixation

A

return to anals tage in later life thru obsessive personality issues, as result of too much/little gratification during anal stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

critical attaacks of Freud’s early years

A

too sexually based + not testable
influence remains though
fails to say what is too much or little gratification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Erikson’s stages of trust vs mistrust + autonomy vs shame + doubt

A

social interaction emphasized
sex de-emphasized
early development acutely influenced by infant’s socail context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

trust vs mistrust stage

A

erikson
first stage of psychosocial development is resolved when individ develops a sense of trust in environment to meet his/her needs
trsut in caregivers, themselves + world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

autonomy vs shame + doubt stage

A

erikson’s 2nd stage of psychosocial development
toddler begins to understand self-control thru key accomplishments

transformation based on physical + cognitive changes
toilet training central issue (like freud)
mastery of environment
develop autonomy

poor development has potential to influence adult beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

internalized shame is associated with believing one is

A

defective, flawed, unwanted, + unlovable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

easy temperament

A

temperament of a child who is generally cheerful + adaptable + has regular patterns of eating + sleeping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

temperament

A

biologically based invid differences in how one responds to teh environment that influence emotions, physical activity level, + attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

used to think temperament was stable + unchanging across lifespan but

A

now think development is more dynamic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

new york longitudinal study

A

thomas + chess
indiv differences in primary reaction patterns
interviews with parents

came up with 9 NYLS temperaments, later condensed by Rothbart to 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

3 patterns temperament categories from NYLS

A

easy temperament
difficult temperament
slow-to-warm-up temperament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

easy temperament

A

temperament of child who is generlaly cheerful + adaptable + has regular patterns of eating + sleeping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

difficult temperament

A

temperament of child who is generally fuss, doesn’t respond well to new situations, + has irregular patterns of eating + sleeping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

slow-to-warm-up temperament

A

temperament of child with low activity level who adjusts to new situations over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Rothbart’s 3 broad dimensions of temperament

A

negative affectivity
extraversion/surgency
effortful control

can be seen in newborns + fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

negative affectivity

A

Rothbart dimension of infant temperament having to do with fear, frustration, sadness, discomfort, + soothability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

extraversion/surgency

A

Rothbart dimension defined by low shyness, high-intensity pleasure, smiling, laughter, activity level, positive anticipation, + high affiliation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

effortful control

A

Rothbart dimension of infant temperament indicated by inhibitory control, attention control, low-intensity pleasure, + preceptual sensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

rothbart view temperament as governed by

A

biological forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

amygdala

A

part of the brain that mediates emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what observation let to the development of goodness of fit?

A

that though some biological tendencies from infancy remain static, some do change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

goodness of fit

A

relationship between environmental forces + predisposed temperament behaviour

betw infan’ts predispositions to behave a certain way and parent’s tendencies to respond

interplay mediates future emotional attachments + outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

attachment

A

enduring emotional bond that connects 2 people across time + space

primary = parents

believed to be for survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

self-regulation

A

ability to deliberately change one’s behaviour + emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

bowlby

A

attachment thoery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

attachment theory

A

prespective that process of social, emotional, + cognitive development occurs in context of caregiver-infant attachement

bowlby, influenced by piaget object permanence
also consistent with erikson’s trust vs mistrust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Bowlby’s 2 key developments that indicate baby’s growing attachment to caregivers

A

separation anxiety
stranger anxiety

34
Q

separation anxiety

A

set of seeking + distress behaviours that occur when primary caregiver is removed from immediate environment of infant/child

35
Q

stranger anxiety

A

disstressed avoidance of novel individual

36
Q

who did the ethological work to learn about monkeys?

A

harlow

attachment = basic need + necessary for survival

attachment = inborn developmental process necessary for survival, not just reinforcement

37
Q

attachment behaviour

A

behaviour that promotes proximity/contact such as approaching, following, + clinging in older infant + toddler

38
Q

strange situation

A

means of categorizing attachment styles, consisting of series of episodes in which mother + child are observed together, separated + reunited in presence of stranger

Ainsworth

elicit attachment behaviours by creating inc stress

39
Q

ainsworth

A

laboratory attachment behaviours
diff individual differences

strange situation

40
Q

secure attachment

A

attachment style characterized by flexible proximity betw parent/infant + positive reunion behaviour

41
Q

Ainsworth’s 3 styles of attachment

A

secure attachment
insecure-avoidant attachment
insecure-resistant attachment

42
Q

insecure-avoidant attachment

A

type of insecure attachemnt in which inhants show little-no distress upon separation + avoidant behaviour such as running from parent upon reunion

43
Q

insecure-resistant attachment

A

type of insecure attachemnt where infant shows very high distress when separated + mixed reactions when reuinited

44
Q

failure to thrive

A

bad condition where baby ceases to grow + loses desire to take in food

3-10% of infants in industrialized countires

45
Q

3rd type of insecure attachment

A

disorganized/disoriented attachment

46
Q

disorganized/disoriented attachment

A

type of insecure attachment characterized by inconsistent behaviour upon separation + reuinion that shows no clear pattern

confused, fearful, inconsisent in strange situation
maltreatement more likely than other groups

47
Q

what proportion of middle-class infants are securely attached?

A

2/3

48
Q

what is the central factor in development of attachemnt theory?

A

caregiver sensitivity

49
Q

mothers of securly attached children tend to…

A

have higher sociability + extraversion
lower measures of depression, neuroticism, + anxiety

have insightfulness about infants internal states + motives
also marital satisfaction

50
Q

a sensitive caregiver is one who

A

consistently attends to infant’s cues
accurately interpersts their meaning
promptly responds appropriately to enhance infant’s trust in caregiver

51
Q

synchrony

A

reciprocal + mutually rewarding qualities of an infant-caregiver attachemtn relationship

52
Q

internal working model (IWM)

A

set of beliefs + expectations about attachment relationships based on infant’s expereinces of sensitive or insensitive caregiving

53
Q

IWM of caregiver

A

available, responsive + reliable

serves as beliefs, expectations, about attachment relationships + guide an interpretive filter for all future relationships

54
Q

later strange situation research
fathers and mothers showed the same level of sensitivity to sons, but

A

fathers were less sensitive than mothers to daughters

and mothers were more sensitive to daughters than sons

55
Q

how infants + toddlers respond to separation depends on characteristics of separation environment

A

especially presence of sensitive + responsive substitute caregivers

also have btter transition when mothers spend more time adapting them to daycare

56
Q

bowlby’s attachment theory viewes

A

infant caregiver attaachement as universal phenomenon that emerged thru human evolution to protect vulnerable infants

57
Q

outcome of early secure attachment is

A

more harmonious parent-child relationship later on

58
Q

what is a risk factor for development of psychopathology?

A

insecure attachment in infancy
especially disorganized/disoriented

59
Q

early secure attachment + continued sensitive caregiving is a significant predictor of

A

positive socio-emotional development

60
Q

gender

A

social construction of expectations that a given culture associates witha person’s biological sex

61
Q

gender differences

A

cognitive + behavioural differences associated with gender

62
Q

sex differences

A

biologically based differences betw sexes

63
Q

emotion is

A

the language of the infant

64
Q

most researchers agree that emotion is present at

A

birth

65
Q

social smile

A

in infancy, first facial expression of pleasure, enabled by neurophysiological maturation + an inc readiness for social interactions with caregivers

66
Q

primary emotion

A

emotion that is present in early life + most likely innate

sadness, surprise, fear, joy, + anger

67
Q

memories aiding emotions is at

A

6 months

68
Q

secondary emotions + physical + cognitive development are at

A

9-20 months

69
Q

emotional awareness explodes at

A

end of second yr

70
Q

infants are expressing basic emotions at

A

birth

71
Q

social smile + awakening of sociability leads to emotion complexity at

A

2-3 monrths

72
Q

separation anxiety is at

A

6 months

73
Q

secondary emotion

A

emotion emerging with the help of certain cognitive + social developments

pride, guilt, shame + empathy

74
Q

guilt

A

painful feeling of regret that arises when one causes, anticipates causing, or is associated with a negative act that violates one’s moral standards

75
Q

empathy

A

emotional response to another’s emotinoal state that is similar to what the other person is feeling or might be expceted to feel

76
Q

social referencing begins

A

6-12 months

looks to caregiver when things happen to make decisions about how to respond

77
Q

social referencing

A

using a caregiver’s emotional cues to help understand an uncertain or ambiguous event or stimulus

78
Q

social referencing is significant bec

A

means infants are good at reading emotional cues of others + using info to guide own responses

social referencing is beginning of lifelong proces + feature of social development - using other’s emotional signals to understand what is meaningful in society

79
Q

piaget believed taht

A

we have no early awareness of ourselves as separate beings
piaget’s theory doesn’t allow for slowly evolving differentiation during first yr of life

not everybody agrees

80
Q

self-awareness

A

ability to recognize oneself as a separate being

PSYC228 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions