PSYC228_Chap4 Flashcards
psychodynamic perspective
Freud + Erikson
Freud oral/anal stages
individ’s passive agents whose personalities driven by unconscious conflict betw biology of survival + societal rules + regulations
libido for survival
idea that libido was satisfied in mouth + anal area
toilet trainnig + sucking thumb/nursing
freud’s believed adult outcomes of infant fixations
overeating, alcoholism, smoking, sarcasm, talking too much - oral fixation during oral stage
anal-retentive personality - overly neat, orderly + controlled or anal-expulsive personality - messy, highly emotionally expressive, undercontrolled
part of personality or psychic structure that emerges during oral stage
id
no boundaries/limits
instant gratification
controversial oral stage
freud’s anal stage - toilet training initiates new personality compoenent?
ego
control id + impulsive bodily functions - bowl movements
continuing life theme
oral fixation
return to oral stage in later life shown thru habits like smoking, gum chewing, as result of too much/little gratification durign oral stage
anal fixation
return to anals tage in later life thru obsessive personality issues, as result of too much/little gratification during anal stage
critical attaacks of Freud’s early years
too sexually based + not testable
influence remains though
fails to say what is too much or little gratification
Erikson’s stages of trust vs mistrust + autonomy vs shame + doubt
social interaction emphasized
sex de-emphasized
early development acutely influenced by infant’s socail context
trust vs mistrust stage
erikson
first stage of psychosocial development is resolved when individ develops a sense of trust in environment to meet his/her needs
trsut in caregivers, themselves + world
autonomy vs shame + doubt stage
erikson’s 2nd stage of psychosocial development
toddler begins to understand self-control thru key accomplishments
transformation based on physical + cognitive changes
toilet training central issue (like freud)
mastery of environment
develop autonomy
poor development has potential to influence adult beliefs
internalized shame is associated with believing one is
defective, flawed, unwanted, + unlovable
easy temperament
temperament of a child who is generally cheerful + adaptable + has regular patterns of eating + sleeping
temperament
biologically based invid differences in how one responds to teh environment that influence emotions, physical activity level, + attention
used to think temperament was stable + unchanging across lifespan but
now think development is more dynamic
new york longitudinal study
thomas + chess
indiv differences in primary reaction patterns
interviews with parents
came up with 9 NYLS temperaments, later condensed by Rothbart to 3
3 patterns temperament categories from NYLS
easy temperament
difficult temperament
slow-to-warm-up temperament
easy temperament
temperament of child who is generlaly cheerful + adaptable + has regular patterns of eating + sleeping
difficult temperament
temperament of child who is generally fuss, doesn’t respond well to new situations, + has irregular patterns of eating + sleeping
slow-to-warm-up temperament
temperament of child with low activity level who adjusts to new situations over time
Rothbart’s 3 broad dimensions of temperament
negative affectivity
extraversion/surgency
effortful control
can be seen in newborns + fetus
negative affectivity
Rothbart dimension of infant temperament having to do with fear, frustration, sadness, discomfort, + soothability
extraversion/surgency
Rothbart dimension defined by low shyness, high-intensity pleasure, smiling, laughter, activity level, positive anticipation, + high affiliation
effortful control
Rothbart dimension of infant temperament indicated by inhibitory control, attention control, low-intensity pleasure, + preceptual sensitivity
rothbart view temperament as governed by
biological forces
amygdala
part of the brain that mediates emotion
what observation let to the development of goodness of fit?
that though some biological tendencies from infancy remain static, some do change
goodness of fit
relationship between environmental forces + predisposed temperament behaviour
betw infan’ts predispositions to behave a certain way and parent’s tendencies to respond
interplay mediates future emotional attachments + outcomes
attachment
enduring emotional bond that connects 2 people across time + space
primary = parents
believed to be for survival
self-regulation
ability to deliberately change one’s behaviour + emotion
bowlby
attachment thoery
attachment theory
prespective that process of social, emotional, + cognitive development occurs in context of caregiver-infant attachement
bowlby, influenced by piaget object permanence
also consistent with erikson’s trust vs mistrust
Bowlby’s 2 key developments that indicate baby’s growing attachment to caregivers
separation anxiety
stranger anxiety
separation anxiety
set of seeking + distress behaviours that occur when primary caregiver is removed from immediate environment of infant/child
stranger anxiety
disstressed avoidance of novel individual
who did the ethological work to learn about monkeys?
harlow
attachment = basic need + necessary for survival
attachment = inborn developmental process necessary for survival, not just reinforcement
attachment behaviour
behaviour that promotes proximity/contact such as approaching, following, + clinging in older infant + toddler
strange situation
means of categorizing attachment styles, consisting of series of episodes in which mother + child are observed together, separated + reunited in presence of stranger
Ainsworth
elicit attachment behaviours by creating inc stress
ainsworth
laboratory attachment behaviours
diff individual differences
strange situation
secure attachment
attachment style characterized by flexible proximity betw parent/infant + positive reunion behaviour
Ainsworth’s 3 styles of attachment
secure attachment
insecure-avoidant attachment
insecure-resistant attachment
insecure-avoidant attachment
type of insecure attachemnt in which inhants show little-no distress upon separation + avoidant behaviour such as running from parent upon reunion
insecure-resistant attachment
type of insecure attachemnt where infant shows very high distress when separated + mixed reactions when reuinited
failure to thrive
bad condition where baby ceases to grow + loses desire to take in food
3-10% of infants in industrialized countires
3rd type of insecure attachment
disorganized/disoriented attachment
disorganized/disoriented attachment
type of insecure attachment characterized by inconsistent behaviour upon separation + reuinion that shows no clear pattern
confused, fearful, inconsisent in strange situation
maltreatement more likely than other groups
what proportion of middle-class infants are securely attached?
2/3
what is the central factor in development of attachemnt theory?
caregiver sensitivity
mothers of securly attached children tend to…
have higher sociability + extraversion
lower measures of depression, neuroticism, + anxiety
have insightfulness about infants internal states + motives
also marital satisfaction
a sensitive caregiver is one who
consistently attends to infant’s cues
accurately interpersts their meaning
promptly responds appropriately to enhance infant’s trust in caregiver
synchrony
reciprocal + mutually rewarding qualities of an infant-caregiver attachemtn relationship
internal working model (IWM)
set of beliefs + expectations about attachment relationships based on infant’s expereinces of sensitive or insensitive caregiving
IWM of caregiver
available, responsive + reliable
serves as beliefs, expectations, about attachment relationships + guide an interpretive filter for all future relationships
later strange situation research
fathers and mothers showed the same level of sensitivity to sons, but
fathers were less sensitive than mothers to daughters
and mothers were more sensitive to daughters than sons
how infants + toddlers respond to separation depends on characteristics of separation environment
especially presence of sensitive + responsive substitute caregivers
also have btter transition when mothers spend more time adapting them to daycare
bowlby’s attachment theory viewes
infant caregiver attaachement as universal phenomenon that emerged thru human evolution to protect vulnerable infants
outcome of early secure attachment is
more harmonious parent-child relationship later on
what is a risk factor for development of psychopathology?
insecure attachment in infancy
especially disorganized/disoriented
early secure attachment + continued sensitive caregiving is a significant predictor of
positive socio-emotional development
gender
social construction of expectations that a given culture associates witha person’s biological sex
gender differences
cognitive + behavioural differences associated with gender
sex differences
biologically based differences betw sexes
emotion is
the language of the infant
most researchers agree that emotion is present at
birth
social smile
in infancy, first facial expression of pleasure, enabled by neurophysiological maturation + an inc readiness for social interactions with caregivers
primary emotion
emotion that is present in early life + most likely innate
sadness, surprise, fear, joy, + anger
memories aiding emotions is at
6 months
secondary emotions + physical + cognitive development are at
9-20 months
emotional awareness explodes at
end of second yr
infants are expressing basic emotions at
birth
social smile + awakening of sociability leads to emotion complexity at
2-3 monrths
separation anxiety is at
6 months
secondary emotion
emotion emerging with the help of certain cognitive + social developments
pride, guilt, shame + empathy
guilt
painful feeling of regret that arises when one causes, anticipates causing, or is associated with a negative act that violates one’s moral standards
empathy
emotional response to another’s emotinoal state that is similar to what the other person is feeling or might be expceted to feel
social referencing begins
6-12 months
looks to caregiver when things happen to make decisions about how to respond
social referencing
using a caregiver’s emotional cues to help understand an uncertain or ambiguous event or stimulus
social referencing is significant bec
means infants are good at reading emotional cues of others + using info to guide own responses
social referencing is beginning of lifelong proces + feature of social development - using other’s emotional signals to understand what is meaningful in society
piaget believed taht
we have no early awareness of ourselves as separate beings
piaget’s theory doesn’t allow for slowly evolving differentiation during first yr of life
not everybody agrees
self-awareness
ability to recognize oneself as a separate being
