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PSYC228 > PSYC228_Chap3 > Flashcards

PSYC228_Chap3 Flashcards

1
Q

weight + height gains occur most rapidly in

A

first 6 months of life, then slow

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2
Q

cephalocaudal growth

A

pattern of growth procedding from the head downward

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3
Q

proximodistal grwoth

A

pattern of growth proceeding from the inside of hte body outward through limbs

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4
Q

2 parts of nervous system

A

CNS (central nervous system) (control centre for body)

PNS (peripheral nervous system) (connects CNS to intrnal orgals, bones, muslces - carries messages from CNS)

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5
Q

cerebral cortex

A

uppermost protion of brain _ centre largely responsible for complex brain functions

(though, perception, language production, _ motor function)

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6
Q

most of brain growth occurs during

A

infancy

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7
Q

neuron

A

brain or nerve cell that serves as basic building block of nervous system

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8
Q

axon

A

nerve fibre that typically sends electrical impulses away from neuron’s cell body

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9
Q

dendrite

A

branching structure arising from cell body that typically receives electrical impulses from axons of neighbouring neurons

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10
Q

primary brain job during early infancy is

A

making + strengthening connections between neurons

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11
Q

connection is made between neurons when

A

axon of one neuron sends message/electrical impulse that is received by dendrite of anotehr neuron

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12
Q

synapse

A

space between neurons (space betw the axon and dendrite) across which messages are sent + received

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13
Q

myelination

A

process thru which axon of a neuron is coated with fatty tissue which serves as insulation + enhances speed of firing

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14
Q

synaptic pruing

A

process by which brain removes unused synapses thru redirection nutrition, cell injury, + cell death

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15
Q

humans are made highly felxible because

A

the brain overproduces + prunes synapses
brain is plastic

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16
Q

different cultural contexts + experiences result in

A

different kinds of connections being made and kept

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17
Q

plasticity

A

changes in the brain resulting from out interactions with the environemnt;
influenced by age-related change

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18
Q

brain plasticity decreases with

A

increasing age

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19
Q

2 types of processes related to early experience + brain development

A

experience-expectant processes

experience-dependent processes

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20
Q

experience-expectant processes

A

brain development that occurs based on environmental experiences that all members of the species typically encounter

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21
Q

experience-dependent processes

A

brain development that occurs based on unique environmental stimuli shared only by individuals in particular environmental circumstances

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22
Q

neaurons need to be

A

stimulated in order to develop new connectiosn

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23
Q

during teh first 3 months after birth, newborns sleep betw

A

10-19hrs/day

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24
Q

2 primary categories of sleep

A

rapid-eye-movement REM
non-rapid-eye-movement NREM

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25
Q

REM

A

rapid-eye-movement sleep

sleep state during which rapid _ random eye movements, intense + irregular brain-wave activity, + dreaming occur

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26
Q

NREM

A

non-rapid-eye-movement sleep

sleep state during which rapid-eye-movement + dreaming do not occur + brain-wave activity is slow + regular

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27
Q

reflex

A

simplest + quickest neural pathway

involve few neurons (a sensory neuron + motor neuron)
involuntary response to a stimulus

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28
Q

newborn reflex

A

inborn automatic response to stimuli, which may disappear before the end of the first year

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29
Q

reflexes provide

A

behavioural messure of the development of the nervous system + often incorporated into newborn assessments

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30
Q

at birth there are ~

A

270 bones

but then fuse in spinal column + head

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31
Q

plantar grasp

A

flexing of toes
readiness to walk

appears 28wks gestation
9 months integration

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32
Q

babinski reflex (plantar resposne)

A

newborn relfex that is teh extension of the big toe + fanning out of other toes
failure indicates neurological abnormality + interferes with walking

from birth to 12-18 months
integrated after walking

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33
Q

moro reflex

A

newborn reflex
the quick fall test, shoulders pull back + fingers/elbows/wrists extend
asymmetry may indicate injury to peripheral nerves in upper extremities

from 28 wks gest., integrated betw 5-6 months

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34
Q

palmar grasp

A

infant’s fingers flex arnd finger
infant begins reaching for objects to grasp

from 10 wks gest., integrated arnd 4-6 months

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35
Q

rooting + sucking reflex

A

stroke infant from lips to cheek, infant turns head to follow finger + suck it
absence of this reflex indicates neurological impairment

28 wks gest, integrates at 3 months

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36
Q

stepping + walking reflex

A

alternating, thythmical coordinated steps
absence indicates possible disease or prenatal drugs

37 wks gest., integrated at 2 months

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37
Q

crawling reflex

A

infant on abdomen pulls legs underneath + pushes forward
essential for voluntary crawling behaviour

from brith to integration at 3-4 months

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38
Q

tonic neck

A

infant lying on back will bring its arms into fencer’s position when head turned to the side
helps infant explore 1 side of environment at a time by coordinating sensing on taht same side

brith, to integration at 6-7months

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39
Q

during the first 2 yrs, muscle fiber becomes more

A

differentiated + innervated

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40
Q

gross motor skills

A

motor skill that relies on large muscles like legs + arms

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41
Q

find motor skills

A

motor skill that relies on small muscles like fingers

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42
Q

nerborn movements are mostly

A

involuntary responses to sensory system

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43
Q

posture

A

way a person holds his/her body as a whole
integrating process taht connects + provides foundation for all gross motor activities

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44
Q

infants have

A

no voluntary postural control at birth

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45
Q

most influential cognitive development theorist

A

Jean Piaget

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46
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development - infants develop from reflex-driven organisms to more complex + symbolic thinkers

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47
Q

goal of Piage’ts sensorimotor stage

A

develop from reflexive organism to more.complex + symbolic thinker

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48
Q

key processes that drive change from one substage to another in Piaget’s theory?

A

assimilation + accomodation

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49
Q

assimilation + accomodation underlie ongoing developement of

A

schemes

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50
Q

schemes

A

mental structures taht help us organize + process info

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51
Q

object permanence

A

understanding that an object continues to exist even when it’s not immediately present or visible

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52
Q

A-not-B error

A

mistake made by children in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage as they search for hidden object in a location where it has been repeatedly placed but is no longer hidden

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53
Q

object permanence + understanding of A-not-B error may be accomplished

A

at younger ages than Piaget thought

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54
Q

implicit memory

A

repetition of a behaviour, such as a leg movement to make an object move, taht occurs automatically + without apparent conscious effort

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55
Q

explicit memory

A

repetition of a behaviour that shows a clear, observable, conscious effort to recall an event, such as when an infant imitates at a later time a behavioiur seen earlier

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56
Q

Piaget’s sensorimotor substages:

A

reflexes (birth-1 month)

habits + repetition (1-4m)

actions with objects (4-8m)

Coordination of schemes +
intentional behaviour (8-12m)

using objects in novel ways (12-18m)

symbolic thought (18-24m)

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57
Q

deferred imitation

A

ability of 6-7m old infants to imitate an action after a delay + not in presence of a model

58
Q

habituation

A

dec responding to a stimulus that occurs because of continuous presentation of the stimulus

59
Q

dishabituation

A

inc responding to a stimulus, usually bec it is novel

60
Q

habituation occurs more

A

quickly with age

61
Q

later IQ is correlated with

A

speed of habituation in infancy

62
Q

receptive language

A

language that an infant understands but may not be able to produce

knows what words mean, but can’t use them

63
Q

expressive language

A

language that an infant can produce

words that are understood + can be used by infant

64
Q

infancy language milestones

A

1-4m respond to voices/make sounds when spoken to
1-syllable sounds, coos

4-7m babble, produces variety of syllables

7-10m know when words begin + end, comprehend gestures
repeat 2-syllables in a row (mama)

10-13m respond to some commands, understand simple words
say first word

13-16m say more than 5 words

16-19m understand “do not”

19-22m understand a question, repeat simple things others say
say 2 words in combination

22-25m understand in + under, say first sentence

65
Q

influence of cultural soudns begins to have an impact on development of expressive language at

A

6-8m
when babbling sounds common

66
Q

babbling

A

repeated creation of meaningless sounds that typically consist of 1 syllable

67
Q

holophrase

A

one-word utterances that express a complete thought or phrase

68
Q

telegraphic speech

A

creation of short phrases that convey meaning but lack some of the parts of speech that are necessary for a full + ceomplete sentence
arnd time of first words

69
Q

joint attention

A

ability to direct teh attention of a social partner to objects or events and, in turn, follow their attention-directing gestures, suchas head-turning + pointing

70
Q

by first birthday

A

10-50wrds
age 2 -> ~200wrds

71
Q

vocabulary spurt after

A

18m

72
Q

LAD (language aquisition device)

A

theoretical structure possessed by all humans taht prewires us to learn language + grammar rules

Noam Chomsky named it

73
Q

2 physical parts of the brain involved in comprehension + production of speech

A

Wernicke’s + Broca’s areas

74
Q

nature + nurture influence

A

language development

75
Q

infant-directed speech

A

way of speaking to infants that is higher in pitch, simpler, + more repetitive than speech directed at adults or children. seems to be used automatically when in presence of an infant

76
Q

interactionist approach

A

view of language learning taht stresses role of socialization

the more infants are talked to witht eh more diverse words, the quicker teh language learning + bigger vocabulary

77
Q

sensation

A

physical reception of stimulation

78
Q

perception

A

interpretation of stimulation that occurs in the higher processing centers of the brain

79
Q

5 general receptor sites

A

retina of eye
cochlea in ear
olfactory membrane in nose
taste buds
skin

80
Q

newborn visual acuity

A

20-120 to 20/240

must be 20ft from on object to see what a normal adult sees at 120-240ft

pull infant close to see them

81
Q

newborn focal length

A

18-30cm
dist at which things can be clearly seen

distance betw nursing newborns + mother’s faces

82
Q

by 1 year of ages, infants can see

A

like adults

83
Q

Fantz visual preference paradigm

A

gather acuity info using this research technique
used lines
infant will chose one of 2 things to look at

84
Q

ciliary muscles

A

small muscles of the eye taht work to move each eyeball + change shape of eye’s lens

85
Q

2 primary issues affecting process of visual image processing

A

cliliary muscles not mature

vision center in brain is not fully developed

86
Q

infants as young as 2 wks old can

A

discriminate betw colours

full colour percetion at 4months
- delayed bec cones ares till developing right after birth

87
Q

cones

A

neurons in retina that respond to colour

88
Q

immediately after birth newborns look at

A

contours of faces + objects

with age, infants begin to look at interior of objects
-adaptive change

89
Q

humans begin hearing

A

before they are born

3-4 months before birth - ear fully formed + functional

90
Q

infants begin moving eyes in direction of sounds at

A

4-6 months

91
Q

what number of babies born have some degree of hearing loss or will develop early progressive childhood hearing loss?

A

4/1000 per yr

92
Q

what helps babies find + latch onto mother’s breast for first time?

A

sense of smell

93
Q

mother’s areola secrete a substance that smells like

A

amniotic fluid

94
Q

what area of a newborn is especially sensitive to touch?

A

the face

ready to be stoked by the mother’s fingertips
newborns + infants thrive on this type of loving touch
the more they get the more they grow

95
Q

what has been used with preterm _ low-brith-weight babies to promote growth _ development?

A

touch in form of massage

96
Q

some of first studies of infant perception had to do with

A

depth perception

97
Q

visual cliff

A

method used to examine infant depth perception using a patterned floor + pane of plexiglas over a deep drop

when infants willingly crawl over plexiglas, assumed they don’t perceive the depth

98
Q

what is a potent painkiller in healthy newborns?

A

breastfeeding

99
Q

during first 2 yrs, infants will receive on average vaccines for

A

14 diff illnesses

100
Q

vaccine

A

substance taht is usually injected into a person to improve immunity against a particular disease

101
Q

vaccine hesitancy

A

refusal or delay in immunization participation caused by concerns about vaccines

102
Q

most effective interventions for improving child health

A

optimal infant + young child feeding practices

103
Q

inadequate nutrition is associated with at least

A

35% of child deaths

likely won’t reach full developmental potential

104
Q

nutrition

A

process of consuming carbohydrates, fats, proteins, + other elements in form of calories, to obtain energy + regulate body functions

105
Q

optimal nutrition means

A

exclusive + on demand breastfeeding for first 6 months + introduction of complementary feeding + continued on-demand breastfeeding for min of 2 yrs

WHO

106
Q

exclusive breastfeeding

A

when infants receive only breast milk, whether from breast or expressed, + on other liquides or solids including water

107
Q

on-demand breastfeeding

A

nursing baby whenever baby shows signs of hunger durign day/night, such as crying or rooting, rather than a schedule

108
Q

complementary feeding

A

process of consuming other foods + liquids along iwth breast milk to meet nutritional requirements of infants after 6 months

109
Q

globally, what percet of infants under 6 months are breastfed exclusively?

A

35%

110
Q

In canada ___% of infants under 6 months are breastfed exclusively?

A

26%

111
Q

colostrum

A

yellowish, sticky breast milk that is secreted durign first 2-3 days after birth

112
Q

colostrum benefits

A

full of WBC’s
antibodies perfectly suited for newbors

breast milk comes in after 4 days

113
Q

milk is mature after

A

2 wks postpartum

first 2 wks sensitive period for establishing milk production

114
Q

2 maternal hormones directly affecting breastfeeding

A

prolactin (milk production)
oxytocin (milk ejection)

115
Q

durign first 2 sensitive wks of bresatfeeding…

A

more baby suckles, more stimulates nipple, more prolactin secreted, more milk produced

after first few wks, milk productio not so tied to prolactin secreted

116
Q

infants who are not breastfed are…

A

10x times more likely to die in months following birth

117
Q

diarrhea + pneumonia are

A

more frequent + severe in formula-fed infants

118
Q

in developed nations, formula-fed infants are at risk for:

A

acute + chronic disorders
otitis media, meningitis, urinary tract infections, type 1 diabetes, + childhood leukemia

119
Q

otitis media

A

infection of middle ear + common cause of earaches

120
Q

breatfeeding also provides a protective role against…

A

obesity in later childhood + adolescence

the longer the child is breastfed, the lower the risk of obesity

121
Q

breastfeeding helps

A

cognitive function
protect from obesity, cardiovascular illnesses later on, high blood pressure, problematic blood cholestrol levels

the longer they are breastfed - the greater the intelligence in late childhood + adulthood

122
Q

breastfeeding benefits to mothers

A

right after birth - may reduce risk of postpartum hemorrhage/bleding

exclusive for 6 months can delay return of fertility + menstrual cycle/lactational amenorrhea
quicker return to pre-preg weight
lower rates of breast cancer + ovarian cancer

123
Q

lactational amenorrhea

A

natural postpartum infertility that occurs when a woman is breastfeeding + her menstrual cycle hasn’t yet returned

124
Q

health canada recommends

A

breastfeeding for 2+ yrs + introducing solid foods

125
Q

maternal reasons to avoid breastfeeding

A

HIV infection
severe maternal illness
sepsis
taking of certain medications
chemotherapy drugs

126
Q

what is the best feeding optino for preterm + very low-birth-weight infants?

A

breast milk

127
Q

preterm

A

infant born before 32 wks gest

128
Q

very low-birth-weight

A

infants < 1.5 kg at birth

129
Q

international code of marketing of breast-milk substitutes

A

code adopted by Wolrd Heald Assembly to improve health of infants + children

130
Q

malnutrition

A

deficiency of one + key nutrients (proteins, vitamins or minerals) that has a significant impact on energy + function of bodily systems

131
Q

protein-energy malnutrition

A

most common cause of malnutrition

type of malnutrition in which insufficient food intake results in significant lack of protein + calories

lack of food/dietary imbalance
(kwashiorkor + marasmus common - significant poverty)

in canada usually poor nutrition (vitamins + minerals not extreme food deprivation)

132
Q

what % of canadian children live in poverty?

A

just over 19%

40% of Canada’s indigenous children live in poverty

133
Q

dominant western medical model of infant care says

A

infants should sleep separately from mothers + night wakings should be trated with variety of behavioural interventions like graduated extinction or controlled crying

solitary sleeping arrangements
role over/sufucate reason

134
Q

medical model of infant care

A

dominant set of assumptions that guide provisiosn of infant care in west

135
Q

graduated extinction

A

variety of sleep-training techniques where parents delay responding to infants’ cries for specified intervals of time, + respond only in a limited + prescribed way

136
Q

co-sleeping

A

variety of shared sleeping arrangements where infant + caregiver sleep within sensory range of each other (same or separate surfaces) thereby permitting each to detect + respond to cues of the other

137
Q

bedsharing

A

specific instance of co-sleeping where infant _ caregiver sleep together ins ame adult bed

138
Q

in cultures where mothers + infants routinely breastfeed + co-sleep we find

A

lowest rates of SIDS

139
Q

attachment

A

enduring emotional bond that connects 2 people across time + space

140
Q

Sudden infant death syndrome

A

sudden + unexplained death, usually during sleep, seemingly healthy infant younger than 1yr

leading cause of death for canadian infants after congenital malformations, deaths associated with pregnancy + birther complications + fatalities attributed to prematurity + low birth weight

crip death + cot death

1/3000 babies
doesn’t wake up

aboriginals more at risk 3x higher

141
Q

risk factors of SIDS

A

prone sleeping
maternal smoking during pregnancy

hot room
excessive blankets/pillows
premature birth
low birth-weight
second-hand smoke

(rates of sids dec)

142
Q

SIDS greatly reduced by

A

breastfeeding

PSYC228 (16 decks)

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