PSYC228_Chap3 Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
weight + height gains occur most rapidly in
A
first 6 months of life, then slow
2
Q
cephalocaudal growth
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pattern of growth procedding from the head downward
3
Q
proximodistal grwoth
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pattern of growth proceeding from the inside of hte body outward through limbs
4
Q
2 parts of nervous system
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CNS (central nervous system) (control centre for body)
PNS (peripheral nervous system) (connects CNS to intrnal orgals, bones, muslces - carries messages from CNS)
5
Q
cerebral cortex
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uppermost protion of brain _ centre largely responsible for complex brain functions
(though, perception, language production, _ motor function)
6
Q
most of brain growth occurs during
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infancy
7
Q
neuron
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brain or nerve cell that serves as basic building block of nervous system
8
Q
axon
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nerve fibre that typically sends electrical impulses away from neuron’s cell body
9
Q
dendrite
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branching structure arising from cell body that typically receives electrical impulses from axons of neighbouring neurons
10
Q
primary brain job during early infancy is
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making + strengthening connections between neurons
11
Q
connection is made between neurons when
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axon of one neuron sends message/electrical impulse that is received by dendrite of anotehr neuron
12
Q
synapse
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space between neurons (space betw the axon and dendrite) across which messages are sent + received
13
Q
myelination
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process thru which axon of a neuron is coated with fatty tissue which serves as insulation + enhances speed of firing
14
Q
synaptic pruing
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process by which brain removes unused synapses thru redirection nutrition, cell injury, + cell death
15
Q
humans are made highly felxible because
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the brain overproduces + prunes synapses
brain is plastic
16
Q
different cultural contexts + experiences result in
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different kinds of connections being made and kept
17
Q
plasticity
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changes in the brain resulting from out interactions with the environemnt;
influenced by age-related change
18
Q
brain plasticity decreases with
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increasing age
19
Q
2 types of processes related to early experience + brain development
A
experience-expectant processes
experience-dependent processes
20
Q
experience-expectant processes
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brain development that occurs based on environmental experiences that all members of the species typically encounter
21
Q
experience-dependent processes
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brain development that occurs based on unique environmental stimuli shared only by individuals in particular environmental circumstances
22
Q
neaurons need to be
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stimulated in order to develop new connectiosn
23
Q
during teh first 3 months after birth, newborns sleep betw
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10-19hrs/day
24
Q
2 primary categories of sleep
A
rapid-eye-movement REM
non-rapid-eye-movement NREM
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REM
rapid-eye-movement sleep
sleep state during which rapid _ random eye movements, intense + irregular brain-wave activity, + dreaming occur
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NREM
non-rapid-eye-movement sleep
sleep state during which rapid-eye-movement + dreaming do not occur + brain-wave activity is slow + regular
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reflex
simplest + quickest neural pathway
involve few neurons (a sensory neuron + motor neuron)
involuntary response to a stimulus
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newborn reflex
inborn automatic response to stimuli, which may disappear before the end of the first year
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reflexes provide
behavioural messure of the development of the nervous system + often incorporated into newborn assessments
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at birth there are ~
270 bones
but then fuse in spinal column + head
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plantar grasp
flexing of toes
readiness to walk
appears 28wks gestation
9 months integration
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babinski reflex (plantar resposne)
newborn relfex that is teh extension of the big toe + fanning out of other toes
failure indicates neurological abnormality + interferes with walking
from birth to 12-18 months
integrated after walking
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moro reflex
newborn reflex
the quick fall test, shoulders pull back + fingers/elbows/wrists extend
asymmetry may indicate injury to peripheral nerves in upper extremities
from 28 wks gest., integrated betw 5-6 months
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palmar grasp
infant's fingers flex arnd finger
infant begins reaching for objects to grasp
from 10 wks gest., integrated arnd 4-6 months
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rooting + sucking reflex
stroke infant from lips to cheek, infant turns head to follow finger + suck it
absence of this reflex indicates neurological impairment
28 wks gest, integrates at 3 months
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stepping + walking reflex
alternating, thythmical coordinated steps
absence indicates possible disease or prenatal drugs
37 wks gest., integrated at 2 months
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crawling reflex
infant on abdomen pulls legs underneath + pushes forward
essential for voluntary crawling behaviour
from brith to integration at 3-4 months
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tonic neck
infant lying on back will bring its arms into fencer's position when head turned to the side
helps infant explore 1 side of environment at a time by coordinating sensing on taht same side
brith, to integration at 6-7months
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during the first 2 yrs, muscle fiber becomes more
differentiated + innervated
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gross motor skills
motor skill that relies on large muscles like legs + arms
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find motor skills
motor skill that relies on small muscles like fingers
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nerborn movements are mostly
involuntary responses to sensory system
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posture
way a person holds his/her body as a whole
integrating process taht connects + provides foundation for all gross motor activities
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infants have
no voluntary postural control at birth
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most influential cognitive development theorist
Jean Piaget
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sensorimotor stage
Piaget's first stage of cognitive development - infants develop from reflex-driven organisms to more complex + symbolic thinkers
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goal of Piage'ts sensorimotor stage
develop from reflexive organism to more.complex + symbolic thinker
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key processes that drive change from one substage to another in Piaget's theory?
assimilation + accomodation
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assimilation + accomodation underlie ongoing developement of
schemes
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schemes
mental structures taht help us organize + process info
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object permanence
understanding that an object continues to exist even when it's not immediately present or visible
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A-not-B error
mistake made by children in Piaget's sensorimotor stage as they search for hidden object in a location where it has been repeatedly placed but is no longer hidden
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object permanence + understanding of A-not-B error may be accomplished
at younger ages than Piaget thought
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implicit memory
repetition of a behaviour, such as a leg movement to make an object move, taht occurs automatically + without apparent conscious effort
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explicit memory
repetition of a behaviour that shows a clear, observable, conscious effort to recall an event, such as when an infant imitates at a later time a behavioiur seen earlier
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Piaget's sensorimotor substages:
reflexes (birth-1 month)
habits + repetition (1-4m)
actions with objects (4-8m)
Coordination of schemes +
intentional behaviour (8-12m)
using objects in novel ways (12-18m)
symbolic thought (18-24m)
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deferred imitation
ability of 6-7m old infants to imitate an action after a delay + not in presence of a model
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habituation
dec responding to a stimulus that occurs because of continuous presentation of the stimulus
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dishabituation
inc responding to a stimulus, usually bec it is novel
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habituation occurs more
quickly with age
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later IQ is correlated with
speed of habituation in infancy
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receptive language
language that an infant understands but may not be able to produce
knows what words mean, but can't use them
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expressive language
language that an infant can produce
words that are understood + can be used by infant
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infancy language milestones
1-4m respond to voices/make sounds when spoken to
1-syllable sounds, coos
4-7m babble, produces variety of syllables
7-10m know when words begin + end, comprehend gestures
repeat 2-syllables in a row (mama)
10-13m respond to some commands, understand simple words
say first word
13-16m say more than 5 words
16-19m understand "do not"
19-22m understand a question, repeat simple things others say
say 2 words in combination
22-25m understand in + under, say first sentence
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influence of cultural soudns begins to have an impact on development of expressive language at
6-8m
when babbling sounds common
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babbling
repeated creation of meaningless sounds that typically consist of 1 syllable
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holophrase
one-word utterances that express a complete thought or phrase
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telegraphic speech
creation of short phrases that convey meaning but lack some of the parts of speech that are necessary for a full + ceomplete sentence
arnd time of first words
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joint attention
ability to direct teh attention of a social partner to objects or events and, in turn, follow their attention-directing gestures, suchas head-turning + pointing
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by first birthday
10-50wrds
age 2 -> ~200wrds
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vocabulary spurt after
18m
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LAD (language aquisition device)
theoretical structure possessed by all humans taht prewires us to learn language + grammar rules
Noam Chomsky named it
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2 physical parts of the brain involved in comprehension + production of speech
Wernicke's + Broca's areas
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nature + nurture influence
language development
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infant-directed speech
way of speaking to infants that is higher in pitch, simpler, + more repetitive than speech directed at adults or children. seems to be used automatically when in presence of an infant
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interactionist approach
view of language learning taht stresses role of socialization
the more infants are talked to witht eh more diverse words, the quicker teh language learning + bigger vocabulary
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sensation
physical reception of stimulation
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perception
interpretation of stimulation that occurs in the higher processing centers of the brain
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5 general receptor sites
retina of eye
cochlea in ear
olfactory membrane in nose
taste buds
skin
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newborn visual acuity
20-120 to 20/240
must be 20ft from on object to see what a normal adult sees at 120-240ft
pull infant close to see them
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newborn focal length
18-30cm
dist at which things can be clearly seen
distance betw nursing newborns + mother's faces
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by 1 year of ages, infants can see
like adults
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Fantz visual preference paradigm
gather acuity info using this research technique
used lines
infant will chose one of 2 things to look at
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ciliary muscles
small muscles of the eye taht work to move each eyeball + change shape of eye's lens
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2 primary issues affecting process of visual image processing
cliliary muscles not mature
vision center in brain is not fully developed
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infants as young as 2 wks old can
discriminate betw colours
full colour percetion at 4months
- delayed bec cones ares till developing right after birth
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cones
neurons in retina that respond to colour
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immediately after birth newborns look at
contours of faces + objects
with age, infants begin to look at interior of objects
-adaptive change
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humans begin hearing
before they are born
3-4 months before birth - ear fully formed + functional
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infants begin moving eyes in direction of sounds at
4-6 months
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what number of babies born have some degree of hearing loss or will develop early progressive childhood hearing loss?
4/1000 per yr
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what helps babies find + latch onto mother's breast for first time?
sense of smell
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mother's areola secrete a substance that smells like
amniotic fluid
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what area of a newborn is especially sensitive to touch?
the face
ready to be stoked by the mother's fingertips
newborns + infants thrive on this type of loving touch
the more they get the more they grow
95
what has been used with preterm _ low-brith-weight babies to promote growth _ development?
touch in form of massage
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some of first studies of infant perception had to do with
depth perception
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visual cliff
method used to examine infant depth perception using a patterned floor + pane of plexiglas over a deep drop
when infants willingly crawl over plexiglas, assumed they don't perceive the depth
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what is a potent painkiller in healthy newborns?
breastfeeding
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during first 2 yrs, infants will receive on average vaccines for
14 diff illnesses
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vaccine
substance taht is usually injected into a person to improve immunity against a particular disease
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vaccine hesitancy
refusal or delay in immunization participation caused by concerns about vaccines
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most effective interventions for improving child health
optimal infant + young child feeding practices
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inadequate nutrition is associated with at least
35% of child deaths
likely won't reach full developmental potential
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nutrition
process of consuming carbohydrates, fats, proteins, + other elements in form of calories, to obtain energy + regulate body functions
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optimal nutrition means
exclusive + on demand breastfeeding for first 6 months + introduction of complementary feeding + continued on-demand breastfeeding for min of 2 yrs
WHO
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exclusive breastfeeding
when infants receive only breast milk, whether from breast or expressed, + on other liquides or solids including water
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on-demand breastfeeding
nursing baby whenever baby shows signs of hunger durign day/night, such as crying or rooting, rather than a schedule
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complementary feeding
process of consuming other foods + liquids along iwth breast milk to meet nutritional requirements of infants after 6 months
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globally, what percet of infants under 6 months are breastfed exclusively?
35%
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In canada ___% of infants under 6 months are breastfed exclusively?
26%
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colostrum
yellowish, sticky breast milk that is secreted durign first 2-3 days after birth
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colostrum benefits
full of WBC's
antibodies perfectly suited for newbors
breast milk comes in after 4 days
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milk is mature after
2 wks postpartum
first 2 wks sensitive period for establishing milk production
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2 maternal hormones directly affecting breastfeeding
prolactin (milk production)
oxytocin (milk ejection)
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durign first 2 sensitive wks of bresatfeeding...
more baby suckles, more stimulates nipple, more prolactin secreted, more milk produced
after first few wks, milk productio not so tied to prolactin secreted
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infants who are not breastfed are...
10x times more likely to die in months following birth
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diarrhea + pneumonia are
more frequent + severe in formula-fed infants
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in developed nations, formula-fed infants are at risk for:
acute + chronic disorders
otitis media, meningitis, urinary tract infections, type 1 diabetes, + childhood leukemia
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otitis media
infection of middle ear + common cause of earaches
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breatfeeding also provides a protective role against...
obesity in later childhood + adolescence
the longer the child is breastfed, the lower the risk of obesity
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breastfeeding helps
cognitive function
protect from obesity, cardiovascular illnesses later on, high blood pressure, problematic blood cholestrol levels
the longer they are breastfed - the greater the intelligence in late childhood + adulthood
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breastfeeding benefits to mothers
right after birth - may reduce risk of postpartum hemorrhage/bleding
exclusive for 6 months can delay return of fertility + menstrual cycle/lactational amenorrhea
quicker return to pre-preg weight
lower rates of breast cancer + ovarian cancer
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lactational amenorrhea
natural postpartum infertility that occurs when a woman is breastfeeding + her menstrual cycle hasn't yet returned
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health canada recommends
breastfeeding for 2+ yrs + introducing solid foods
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maternal reasons to avoid breastfeeding
HIV infection
severe maternal illness
sepsis
taking of certain medications
chemotherapy drugs
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what is the best feeding optino for preterm + very low-birth-weight infants?
breast milk
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preterm
infant born before 32 wks gest
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very low-birth-weight
infants < 1.5 kg at birth
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international code of marketing of breast-milk substitutes
code adopted by Wolrd Heald Assembly to improve health of infants + children
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malnutrition
deficiency of one + key nutrients (proteins, vitamins or minerals) that has a significant impact on energy + function of bodily systems
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protein-energy malnutrition
most common cause of malnutrition
type of malnutrition in which insufficient food intake results in significant lack of protein + calories
lack of food/dietary imbalance
(kwashiorkor + marasmus common - significant poverty)
in canada usually poor nutrition (vitamins + minerals not extreme food deprivation)
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what % of canadian children live in poverty?
just over 19%
40% of Canada's indigenous children live in poverty
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dominant western medical model of infant care says
infants should sleep separately from mothers + night wakings should be trated with variety of behavioural interventions like graduated extinction or controlled crying
solitary sleeping arrangements
role over/sufucate reason
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medical model of infant care
dominant set of assumptions that guide provisiosn of infant care in west
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graduated extinction
variety of sleep-training techniques where parents delay responding to infants' cries for specified intervals of time, + respond only in a limited + prescribed way
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co-sleeping
variety of shared sleeping arrangements where infant + caregiver sleep within sensory range of each other (same or separate surfaces) thereby permitting each to detect + respond to cues of the other
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bedsharing
specific instance of co-sleeping where infant _ caregiver sleep together ins ame adult bed
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in cultures where mothers + infants routinely breastfeed + co-sleep we find
lowest rates of SIDS
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attachment
enduring emotional bond that connects 2 people across time + space
140
Sudden infant death syndrome
sudden + unexplained death, usually during sleep, seemingly healthy infant younger than 1yr
leading cause of death for canadian infants after congenital malformations, deaths associated with pregnancy + birther complications + fatalities attributed to prematurity + low birth weight
crip death + cot death
1/3000 babies
doesn't wake up
aboriginals more at risk 3x higher
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risk factors of SIDS
prone sleeping
maternal smoking during pregnancy
hot room
excessive blankets/pillows
premature birth
low birth-weight
second-hand smoke
(rates of sids dec)
142
SIDS greatly reduced by
breastfeeding
