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PSYC228 > PSYC228_Chap13 > Flashcards

PSYC228_Chap13 Flashcards

1
Q

middle age relative to

A

average life expectancy at birth
varies

= 40s + 60s

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2
Q

life expectancy

A

average # of yrs a person can expect to live?

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3
Q

exercise + nutrition

A

= same benefits as earlier in life
also significantly slow normal biological aging/ senescence
by mid-life almost everyone experiences some signs of dec in key physical systems

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4
Q

nervous system in middle adulthood

A

brain volume dec
mor variation in mid-life brain health
dec brain volume = dec executive functioning skills + ability to make decision, plna, organize, + focus attention

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5
Q

smokers brains

A

shrink mor rapidly than non-smokers

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6
Q

brain shrinkage risks

A

depression
stress
high bp
obesity
diabetes
high cholesterol

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7
Q

executive functioning

A

information-processing skills involved in problem solving + strategy design + execution

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8
Q

even though shrinking adult brain is

A

capable of learning new things

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9
Q

why can brains demonstrate plasticity + capacity to rebuild + recover after insult

A

due in part to ability to produce new neurons from neural stem cells - neurogenesis

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10
Q

neurogenesis

A

process of generating new neurons from stem cells

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11
Q

obesity is linked to what cognitive diseases?

A

parkinson’s
alzheimer’s

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12
Q

bone resorption

A

process of bone cells breaking down + transforming into a fluid substance that enters blood
process thru which bone remodelling occurs

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13
Q

in middle adulthood, bone less

A

starts to outpace bone replacement
- begins conti process of skeletal dec into later adulthood yrs

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14
Q

women tend to lose more bone density than men partly bec of smaller bones but also

A

menopause-related dec in hormone estrogen causing post-menopausal women to develop fragile bones

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15
Q

bone loss is greater for people who

A

don’t engage in weight=bearing activities - activities you do on your feet that works bones + muscles against gravity

hiking, walking, yard work

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16
Q

muscle strength peaks in

A

early 30s

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17
Q

sarcopenia

A

process of skeletal muscle loss due to aging
age-related muscle loss

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18
Q

muscles can get more

A

flexible with age

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19
Q

concentric movement

A

contraction of muscles during physical activity

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20
Q

eccentric muscle movement

A

lengthening of muscles as they return to original position after stretching

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21
Q

2 ypes of muscle movement

A

concentric - contract to lfit object
eccentric - muscles lengthen/return to original position like when putting something down

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22
Q

as we age, concentric strength may be lost, but

A

eccentric strength is maintained quite well + may even inc

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23
Q

small spots on face, arms/exposed skin

A

age spots, livers pots, solar lentigines
from yrs of sun exposure
mostly not dangerous, but
can signifity skin cancer

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24
Q

epidermis + dermis

A

change due to aging

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25
Q

what processes cause skin to lose elasticity + become dry + wrinkled + cracks

A

of collagen cells dec in dermis + sebaceous glands work less efficiently

best way to slow = exercise bec sweatign keeps skin soft + elastic + diet

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26
Q

what pigment gives hair its colour

A

melanin
as we age, each new replacement of hair contains less + less melanin, resulting in hair turnign grey

27
Q

sense become

A

less able to accurately discriminate incoming information

28
Q

3 key optical changes

A

presbyopia
myopia
visual acuity

29
Q

presbyopia

A

inability of the eyes to accommodate so that they can focus on objects at a normal reading distance
inability to focus on nearby objects, most likley in people who had previously excellent vision

30
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness, or ability to see close objects clearly but inability inability to see distance objects clearly
may dec allowing some to see objects at distance better, changes bec eye gradually getting smaller + changing focal point of retina

31
Q

visual acuity

A

ability to discriminate detail, dec continuously as we age

32
Q

hearing dec

A

but less noticeable in mid-life bec declines very slowly

33
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

hearing loss resulting from conduction impairments in middle ear

common hearling loss

34
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

hearing loss resulting from loss of hair cells along/on basilar membrane of inner ear

35
Q

factors influencing middle-aged adults’ decisions about whether or not to use/get hearing aids

A

convenience
extent of hearing disbality
expected benefits
financial costs

36
Q

taste + smell diminish,

A

salty + sweet lost first, then bitter + sour lost too

37
Q

fluid intelligence

A

Cattell
category of intelligence that drives reasoning + logic

38
Q

Cattell

A

analyzed how individs reason as they get older
fluid intelligence stronlgy influences cognitive ability in childhood
drives problem solving, pattern recognition, abstract reasoning
high fluid intelligence = predoctor for likelihood of successfully working thru problems of complexity, ambiguity, or uncertainty
inces thru young adulthood after which it steadies + declines

crystallized intelligence = second dimension, accumulated knowledge, skills + konwledge accumulated thru learning _ life experience
increases linearly thru middle adulthood

39
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

category of intelligence that contains basic info that we acquire over time, like facts + figures

40
Q

bec young people tend to use more fluid intelligence and older people use more crystallized intelligence based off previous experience,

A

young people can come up with more novel ways to approach things

41
Q

most significant cognitive decline during

A

67-88 yrs

42
Q

what have negative effects on peoples cognitive ability in mid-life?

A

stress + feeling a lack of control

43
Q

3 processes people invoke to help maximize gains and minimize losses dur to aging on cognition

A

selection, optimization, compensation

44
Q

selective optimization with compensation

A

= meta-theory
baltes
cenceptual model useful for describing, explaining, + predicting successful development thru out adulthood

theory of successful aging that ids 3 processes people use to maximize gains + minimize losses in reponse to aging

ability to succesfully apply three SOC processes direct determinant of our success + well-being

45
Q

selection

A

= process of ids goals that are reasonable + reachable given person’s capabilities

46
Q

optimization

A

process of investing effort + resources in a concentrated attempt to reach a selected goal

47
Q

compensation

A

process of revixing a selected goal so that its better suited to one’s ability to reach it

48
Q

young adults primarily use

A

selection
setting life goals to guide their investments of time + energy

49
Q

as people age into mid-life, they begin to use

A

optimization + compensation processes more often

50
Q

expertise development from least to most experienced

A

novice, initiate, apprentice, journeyman, expert, master

51
Q

key ingredient that makes a person an expert

A

recognition-primed decision-making
fadde

52
Q

recognition-primed decision-making

A

fadde
proficiency in decision-making based on ability to quickly recognize most relevant features of a situation

53
Q

exertise =?

A

combination of
experience
competence
confidence
ability to separate relevant from irrelevant features in particular situation

54
Q

how many adults are obese

A

1/4

canadians most likely to be obese = 35-64 yrs

55
Q

obesogenic environment

A

aspects of the community that create barriers for physical activity + ready access to highly nutritional food

56
Q

menopause

A

period of time where a woman’s production of hormones (estrogen + progesterone) begins to decline, causing changes in her reproductive capabilities

not abrupt - takes place oveer number of yrs
after no menstrual period for a yr due to changes in reproductive hormones

consequence of reduced production of estrogen + complete halt of progesterone
most begin in late 40s, + complete by 55, for some continues into 60s

57
Q

andropause

A

dec in male hormone testosterone resulting in physiological reproductive cahnges such as lower sperm count + penile responsivness
doesn’t result in inability to reproduce

58
Q

leading cause of death in mid-life

A

diseases (cancer + heart disease)
no longer unintentional injuries

59
Q

men are more likely to die from

A

heart disease than women

bec estrogen has a protective effect on women’s cardiovascular health
so risk of heart disease inc during menopause
women also more likely than men to underestimate risk + misinterpret symptoms + delay getting health

60
Q

cancers are

A

leading cause of death in mid-life

inc physical activity + avoiding weight gain are general protective strategies for increasing odds of good heatlh + reducing risk for cancer

61
Q

functional capacity

A

physiological systems of the body that maintain health + life: digestive system, endocrine system, immune system, lyphatic system, muscular system, nervous system, reproductive system, respiratory system, skeletal system, urinary system

concern of health care professionals wokring from life course health perspective

ability to take care of oneself
lung capacity, muscular strength, + cardiovascular output
inces in childhood, peaks in early adulthood, decliens after

62
Q

stress response

A

change in physiological functioning of the body’s systems when it perceives an external threat or attack

63
Q

allostatic load

A

physiologic wear + tear on body as reuslt of repeated + longterm exposure to stress, consequence of which is an acceleration of disease processes + health problems

PSYC228 (16 decks)

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