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PSYC228 > PSYC228_Chap2 > Flashcards

PSYC228_Chap2 Flashcards

1
Q

gene

A

microscopic structure made of thousands of links of chemical particles that combine to construct all the parts of a living being

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2
Q

how many chromosomes are in every cell nucleus (except sperm + ova)?

A

46 chromosomes
23 pairs

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3
Q

autosomes

A

first 22 pairs of a cell’s 23 pairs of chromosomes
shared by both males + females

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4
Q

sex chromosome

A

23rd chromosome pair of a cell,

XX-f or XY-m

contains genes that determine biological sex characteristics of females and males

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5
Q

genes are in

A

chromosomes

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6
Q

genes are made of…

A

dna

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7
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

fundamental chemical of all genes that guide construction of cells

adenine, guanine, thymine, + cytosine

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8
Q

nuceleus of cell contains?

A

chromosomes which carry DNA

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9
Q

in ever cell…

A

one member of each chromosome pair comes from the mother and one from the father

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10
Q

karyotype

A

arrangement of chromosomes by size

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11
Q

most basic building blocks of heredity

A

genes

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12
Q

locus

A

specific place on chromosome where gene is located

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13
Q

genotype

A

individua’s collection of genes
genetic potential + limitations

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14
Q

phenotype

A

observable characteristics of an indiv which result from a gene

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15
Q

allele

A

normative variation betw genes

1 allele will influence phenotype, the dominant one

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16
Q

a genotype comes a phenotype when?

A

moment of conception

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17
Q

dominant

A

quality of an allele that influences the expression of a trait

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18
Q

recessive

A

allele that can only influence the expression of a trait in the absence of a dominant allele

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19
Q

gametes

A

ovum + sperm cells
male or female cell that contains 23 chromosomes in their singular form

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20
Q

ocum

A

female gamete containing 22 autosomes + 1 sex (X) chromosome

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21
Q

sperm cell

A

male gamete containing 22 autosomes + 1 sex (X or Y) chromosome

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22
Q

ovulation

A

typically monthly process that causes ovum to ripen + be expelled by ovaries

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23
Q

sex of zygote is determined by

A

sex chromosome of father’s sperm cell

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24
Q

conception occurs when…

A

one of the millions of sperm cells released by male manages to penetrate the tough shell of female’s ovum to form zygot

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25
Q

zygot

A

fertilized ovum/fertilized egg, which male + female gametes have united in one cell

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26
Q

at conception

A

sperm cell’s 23 chromosomes merge with ovum’s 23 chromosomes to make 46 chromosomes/23 pairs that constitute genetic makeup of zygot/new human being

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27
Q

fertilization typically takes place where?

A

in outer par of Fallopian tube near ovary

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28
Q

after fertilization…

A

fertilized ovum/zygote continues down Fallopian tube to uterus, is embeded in uterine lining several days later

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29
Q

fraternal twins

A

2 eggs, each fertilized, don’t share genetic material

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30
Q

identical twins

A

single fertilized egg/zygote divides into 2 leading to 2 zygotes

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31
Q

2 major processes underlying conception + prenatal development

A

meiosis
mitosis

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32
Q

meiosis

A

process by which cells containing 23 pairs of chromosomes divide into daughter cells containing 1/2 of each chromosome pair

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33
Q

mitosis

A

process by which cells create an exact copy of themselves, includes all 23 pairs of chromosomes

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34
Q

gametes form thru

A

meiosis

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35
Q

mitosis occurs when?

A

after conception
zygot rapidly divides + dna within nucleus of each cell splits + replicates
vital process for prenatal development

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36
Q

oxytocin

A

released by orgasm, creates pleasurable muscle contractions that facilitate movement of sperm + inc chances of sperm contacting ovum

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37
Q

morula

A

post-zygote collection of connected cells that continue to divide before forming a more complicated structure

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38
Q

blastocyst

A

collection of cells arranged as a layer surrounding a central cavity containing fluid, into which an inner cell mass protrudes

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39
Q

morula forms when?

A

within 30 hrs, zygote splits in 2, and thru the process of mitosis cell division, morula forms

over next 3-4 days, cells in morula cont. to divide as it moves down fallopian tube and enters uterus

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40
Q

when does blastocyst form?

A

aroudn 6 days after conception, morula has transformed into an arrangement of cells called a blastocyst, which has a central cavity containing fluid and an inner cell mass. It is the blastocyst that may implant in the wall of the uterus and further develop into an embryo.

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41
Q

in some women, what happens when blastocyst implants onto uterine wall?

A

women may have some light bleeding which can be confused with light menstrual period + lead to miscalculation of pregnancy timeline

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42
Q

ART

A

assisted reproductive technologies

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43
Q

Assisted Human Reproductive Act

A

national ethics,
no cloning
no commerce in products for conception + human reproduction

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44
Q

in vitro fertilization

A

ART procedure where eggs removed from ovaries, exposed to semen for fertilization, then inserted into uterus for implantation

chances of live birth:
41% women <35yrs
30% women >=40yrs

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45
Q

3 stages of prenatal development

A

germinal stage
embryonic stage
fetal stage

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46
Q

miscarriage

A

abrupt stop in development of pregnancy + subsequent delivery of the embryo or non-viable fetus before 20th week of pregnancy

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47
Q

cephalocaudal pattern

A

pattern of physical growth proceeding from the head down thru long axis of body

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48
Q

proximodistal pattern

A

pattern of physical growth proceeding from center of body thru appendages

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49
Q

organogenesis

A

early development + differentiation of internal organs such as lungs, heart, gastrointestinal systems

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50
Q

germinal stage of prenatal development

A

zygote becomes a multicellular organism called blastocyst thru mitosis
blastocyst nourished by secretions in fallopian tube+uterus.
blastocyst differentiates to 2 types of cells: shell-like outer structure that will become fetal support system + multicellular center that will become embryo

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51
Q

estimated that…

A

30-50% of zygotes are lost before woman knows she’s pregnant

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52
Q

miscarriage stat

A

~1/5 known pregnancies ends in miscarriage

53
Q

embryonic stage

A

further rapid differentiation of cells for many diff purposes.
1st cephalocaudal pattern of differentiation
2nd proximodistal
amniotic sac/support system forms with amniotic fluid around embryo
placenta forms
umbilical cord develops

54
Q

what does the amniotic sac do?

A

protects embryo from shocks + abrupt temperature changes

55
Q

by the end of the embryonic stage…

A

embryo has features that resemble arms, legs, hands, fingers, facial features like eyelids

56
Q

The focus of the embryonic period is?

A

differentiation

57
Q

placenta

A

short-lived, multifunctional organ that passes nut.s from mother’s blood to embryo

forms along uterine wall
does work that baby will do after birth - lungs, digestive system, liver, excretory organs

keeps mothers and embryo’s blood seperate.
embryo connects to placenta thru umbilical cord

58
Q

umbilical cord

A

vein-filled cord that connects embryo to placenta

59
Q

plasticity

A

potential for systematic change within a person

60
Q

fetal stage of prenatal development

A

rapid growth of body’s physical systems following cephalocaudal + proximodistal patterns

fetus grows 2.5cm to 50cm and 3.4kg (7.5lbs) by birth
fetus becomes more functional
shortly into fetal stage, urination, swallowing + some reflexes appear

less vulnerable to shocks and outside influences

61
Q

focus of fetal stage

A

rapid growth

62
Q

why is the fetus less vulnerable to outside influences in the fetal stage?

A

because organ differentiation occurs beforehand, but has not finished in germinal or embryonic stage

63
Q

plasticity

A

potential to change

64
Q

sensitive periods

A

intervals of heightened plasticity, when environmental influences are most efficient at affecting an organism’s development

potential of environmental influences to have both positive or negative effects on development

65
Q

critical period

A

finite window of opportunity for development, outside of which environmental influences are said to have no effect

finite opportunity for. feature to develop, no second chance

66
Q

germinal stage timeline

A

conception-2wks
zygote-blastocyst

ends when blastocyst implants on endometrium

67
Q

embryonic stage timeline

A

2-8wks (2wk-2months)

embryo
organs develop
critical time in prenatal development bec organs very vulnerable

68
Q

fetal stage timeline

A

8wk-birth (2 months-birth)

fetus
rapid growth
first movements - quickening ~ 4months

69
Q

why are there more sensitive periods than critical

A

bec plasticity is present thruout lifespan

70
Q

prenatal sensitive periods

A

when brain + organs most sensitive to harmful environmental agents/teratogens

71
Q

teratogen

A

environmental agen that can adversely affect prenatal development + can have long-lasting effects on subsequent development.

72
Q

teratology

A

study of environmental agents that cause birth defects

73
Q

teratogen

A

environmental agent that can adversely affect prenatal development + have long lasting effects on subsequent development

74
Q

Wilson’s 6 principles of teratogenic effects

A

1 depends on genetic makeup of developing organism
2 timing of exposure crucial
3 dose of teratogen matters
4 interactions of genetics, timing + what is developing
5 growth retardation, functional defect, malformation, death
6 does: response relationship

75
Q

neural tube

A

precursor to central nervous system in developing embryo

76
Q

which period is especially vulnerable?

A

embryonic (3-8wks)

77
Q

what is the leading teratogen worldwide + safe in no amound to consume during pregnancy?

A

alcohol

78
Q

mutation

A

abnormality that occurs during genetic transmission that may affect the entire chromosome or specific genes

79
Q

chromosomal abnormalities

A

too many or too few
during meiosis
1/2 of cases result in spontaneous miscarriage
mostly likely on sex chromosomes

80
Q

Trisomy 21

A

Down syndrome

81
Q

Trisomy 21

A

3 chromosomes instead of 2 on 21st pair

rounded face, extra fold over eyelids, intellectual disability, cardiovascular system abnormalities

82
Q

XXX (triple X syndrome)

A

extra X chromosome (in females)

83
Q

XYY (Jacob’s syndrome)

A

extra Y chromosome in males

84
Q

Turner syndrome

A

only 1 sex chromosome, X females only

85
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

2 or more X chromosomes alongside Y chromosome
males only

86
Q

genetic issues

A

when repliaction process of a DNA base is omitted or incorrectly copied

87
Q

autosomal recessive trait

A

trait that requires presence of paternal + maternal genes from phenotype to be expressed

88
Q

autosomal dominant trait

A

trait that requires presence of only 1 parental gene for phenotype to be expressed

89
Q

sex- linked gene

A

gene located on one of the sex chromosomes
X or Y

90
Q

midwifery model of care

A

woman-centered model of maternity care based on idea that pregnancy + birth are normal, inherently healthy life processes

91
Q

medical model of care

A

comparatively new model of maternity care guided by belief that pregnancy + birth are potentially dangerous life processes that must be medically managed

92
Q

caesarean surgery

A

medical intervention in which abdomen is cut + fetus removed

93
Q

ultrasound

A

use of high-frequency sound waves to visualize embryo or fetus within uterus

94
Q

informed consent

A

clinical context
process of explaining purpose of procedure, outlining benefits + risks associated with it, requesting patient’s signature to varify they understand + agree

95
Q

fundal height

A

cm
distance from top of uterus to pubic bone
after 12 wks, matches number of wks

96
Q

amniocentesis

A

process of removing fluid from amniotic sac of pregnant woman + surveying genome under miscroscope

detect abnormalities/prove father

97
Q

chorionic villus sampling

A

process of obtaining a tissue sample form villi of chorion which forms fetal part of placenta

abnormalities, quicker than amniocentesis

98
Q

co-parenting

A

extent to which parents are supportive of one another’s parenting

99
Q

3 categories of prenatal expectations

A

prepared 27%
fearful 35%
complacent 38%

100
Q

cervix

A

powerful ring of muscles that keep uterus tightly shut during pregnancy but then thins + opens during labour

101
Q

bloody show

A

plug of thick, blood-tinged mucus discharged from cervix shortly before labour begins

102
Q

birth doula

A

specially trained birth companion, who provides physical, emotional, + informational support during labour, birth, + immdediate postpartum

103
Q

maternal mortality rate

A

maternal deaths/100000 live births

104
Q

prostaglandins…

A

soften + think cervix before labour

105
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates uterine contractions

also inc suddenly when baby passes thru vaginal canal to stimulate bonding

106
Q

oxytocin ___, but adrenaline ___

A

ocytocin accelerates birth
adrenaline stalls birth - don’t be scared

107
Q

endorphins

A

alter pain perception _ give feeling of pleasure

feeling of love + supported

108
Q

mothers who feel afraid

A

tend to secret hormones that delay + impede birth

109
Q

mothers who feel safe + loved

A

tend to secrete hormones that make labour + birth easier + less painful

110
Q

doula-supported women are

A

28% less likely to have C-section
31% less likely to use drugs
9% less likely to use pain meds

111
Q

stages of labour

A

dilation (cervix opening)
descent + birth
delivery of placenta
postpartum period

112
Q

epidurals

A

local anaesthetic injected into lower back to numb labour pain

113
Q

episiotomies

A

surgical cut in muscles that surround vagina to enlarge the vaginal opening

114
Q

electronic fetal monitoring

A

technology for monitoring heart rate of fetus with electrodes attached to mother’s abdomen or placed internally on scalp of fetus

115
Q

apgar scale

A

scoring system that assesses health of newborns based on 5 key areas:
activity + muscle tone
heart rate
reflexes
skin colour
respiration

116
Q

5 key areas of apgar scale

A

activity + muscle tone
heart rate
relexes
skin colour
respiration

117
Q

low birth weigth

A

<2.5 kg

<5.5lbs

118
Q

very low birth weight

A

<1.5kg

<3.3lbs

119
Q

preterm

A

infant born earlier than full gestational period
< 37wks

120
Q

small for gestational age

A

birth weight <2.5kg for infant with gestational age that is normal (37+wks)

121
Q

postpartum depression

A

clinical depressive symptoms ~ apathy, sadness, detachment associated with late pregnancy + period of time following birth of infant

122
Q

postpartum doula

A

specially trained advisor + helper who provides physical, emotinoa, + informational support to women + families during postpartum period

123
Q

canadian maternal mortatlity rate is higher than at least

A

28 other countries

124
Q

canadian infant mortality rate has remained steady at

A

5 deaths/1000 live births since 1997

125
Q

very small minority of women give birth at home though

A

planned home birth is just as safe as planned hospital birth for low-risk women + associated iwth lower rates of medical interventions

126
Q

the rate of C-section in Canada

A

28% 2011
is rising due to electronic fetal monitoring, artificial induction of labour, + maternal choice

127
Q

newborn health is assessed by tests like

A

apgar scale
brazelton Neonatal bahavioural assessment scale

128
Q

the leading cause of infant mortality is

A

low birth weight
and related to several serious physical problems amon babies who survive

129
Q

why may babies have low birth weights?

A

because they are born preterm or small for gestational age

PSYC228 (16 decks)

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