PSYC228_Chap10 Flashcards
what are the adolescent years apparently about?
answering question: who am I?
identity
individual’s understanding of self in relation to his/her social context
abstract concept composed of numerous social + psychological processes
erikson’s identity vs role confusion
erikson’s 5th stage of psychosocial development during which adolescent must adopt a coherent + integrated sense of self
crisis of adolescence
challenge to function with coherent + integrated sense of self + purpose
key questions of adolescence = who am I? Who do I want to be? How do I let others know my identity?
identity crisis
crisis that entails evaluation of possible choices concerning vocation, relationships, + self-understanding
active search for oneself
identity crisis demonstrated by
frequent changes in tastes in music, clothes, friends, hairstyles
prolonged transitions to adulthood can result in
lenthened period of identity exploration + delayed id formation
role confusion
adolescent’s inability to define an identity, resulting in a lack of direction + focus
danger of identity vs role confusion stage
frequent criticism of erikson’s identity development concept
too narrow + needs more substance to be relevant
marcia’s 4 identity statuses that emerge while looking for answer to who am I
identity diffusion
identity foreclosure
identity moratorium
identity achievement
marcia - 2 dimensions that determine person’s particular identity status at given time
exploration (a positive serach for options and identity)
commitment (conscious choice made about a particular aspect of identity)
must go through process of exploration before making true commitment
identity moratorium
marcia - an individ who has begun to explore his/her identity but has yet to make a commitment
actively searches out options
exploring, not get commiting
identity diffusion
marcia - and individ who has neither made a commitment about nor begun to explore his/her identity
static non-growth
no exploration + no commitment
identity foreclosure
marcia - an individ who has made a commitment about his/her identity without even exploring options
no exploration - others have made the commitment for them
identity achievement
marcia - individ who has made a commitment about his/her identity following a process of exploration
ultimate goal
exploration complete, commitment made
never truly over
identity development may be most notable during adolescence, but never ends
ethnic identity
a component of identity + self-concept that acknowledges a unique connection to a specific ethnic group + values + beliefs associated with that group
dynamic constrcut, involving complex + subtle interactions betw diff elements of ethnic identity + external forces
phinney’s three-stage model of ethnic minority identity formation
ethnic identity develops thru processes of exploration + commitment
adolescent faced with developmental task of resolving positive + negative views of ethnic group membership
best outcome reached when adolescent has achieved ethnic identity + positive view of majority of culture
acculturation
process of people within a minority culture wherein they adopt values from a majority culture
process of minority culture adopting values of majority culture
investigates how ethnicity affects self-concept + self-esteem
gender intensification
process wherein person becomes more rigid in their gender performance, behaving in stereotypical ways for their identified gender
may partially arise from peer + parental pressure
coming out
process by hwihc homosexual person makes his/her orientation known to self, friends, family
new canadians are less likely to drop out of high school than
canadian-born
in 2010, dropout rate from 20-24 for first nations youth
22.6%
8.5% - non-aboriginal
high schools are more likely to promote
performance goals than elementary
but feel more effective when mastery goals is goal
increasing teacher control can
leave control-seeking adolescent less motivated to learn
secure/autonomous
attachment category where adolescents display ability to recognize positive + negative aspects of childhood attachement figures
insecure/dismissive
attachment category where adolescents minimize considerations of early experiences + relationships or downplay importance of ealry attachment experiences
insecure/preoccupied
attachment category where adolescents display preoccupation with early experiences + attachment figures but experience difficulty evaluating those relationships
adjustment in adolescence is more affected by parenting style than
parental gender
crowd
group of people who may/may not be friends but who share similar attributes to one another
jocks, populars, normals, druggies, nobodies
clique
tight-knit group of friends who share similar values + bahaviours
identify strongly with fellow members
what are the 2 major diffs betw peer groups in childhood vs adolescence?
adolescents spend much more time in peer groups than children
adolescents much more preoccupied with being accepted by peer groups - peer acceptance one of biggest predictors of self-esteem during adolescence even more than perceiving oneself as cognitively competent
what rules govern crowds + cliques?
boundaries
crowd membership
peer pressure
problematic internet use
excessive preoccupation with internet use that leads to socio-emotional maladjustment, academic difficulties, + physical health problems
4 phases of model for building romantic relationship
initiation phase
status phase
affection phase
bonding phase
initiation phase
1st phase
of early romantic relationships when adolescents begin to notice + become comfortable with others perceived as sexually attractive
status phase
2nd phase
of early romantic relationships where crowd + status influence how adolescent couple develops
follows elkind’s idea of imaginary audience
couple gets to know each other then either moves closer or terminates relationship
4 components of problematic internet use
excessive use - losing sense of time + neglecting basic needs
withdrawal - feeling angry, tense and/or depressed when computer is unavailable
obsession - needing better equipment, more computer software, or more hrs on internet
negative consequences - lying, social isolation, fatigue, poor achievement
affection phase
3rd phase
early romantic relationships where emphasis shifts away from influence of peers to development of meaningful connection betw 2 individs
higher likelihood of sexual activity as they begin to communicate + express mutual romantic feeligns
bonding phase
4th/final phase
early romantic relationships where relationship becomes characterized by high level of commitment + future orientation
contains possibilities of remaining together with romantic partner for lifetime
only after been together for reasonable amount of time + at age when commitment are meaningful
limitations of 4 phase early romantical relationships
doesn’t specify actual ages associated with phases
unclear what variables influence dissolution or resolution in event of dissatisfaction
doesn’t take into account homosexual attraction follows diff trajectory due to general lack of social acceptance
cass - 6 steps of homosexual attraction
identity confusion
identity comparison
identity tolerance
identity acceptance
identity pride
identity synthesis
in 2013, what percent of police-reported incidents of intimate partner violence was due to dating violence
53%
- greater than spousal violence @ 47%
what demographic have the highest rate of dating violence
young adults
teen dating violence
physical assault by boyfriend or girlfriend against his/her romantic partner that may include psychological and sexual violence
adolescents’ romantic relationships are marked by
intesnse + shifting emotions
young offender
person < 18 yrs charged with a criminal offence
likely be an adolescent who struggled with emotional or behavioural control for various complex reasons
3 key points where youth criminal justice act (now since 2003) differs from youth young offenders act
YCJA focuses on diverting youth away from court system thru community-based responses to non-violent offences + crime prevention programs
YCJA aims to improve decision-making at all levels of justice system to ensure meaningful consequences that reinforce accountability + reduce use of custody
YCJA introduces a simplified process for applying adult sentences to extremelty violent offenders
(YCJA did away with young offenders term)
what kind of parental behaviours are likely to raise children who commit crimes?
parents who reject their children +/or don’t supervise children
especially for younger yrs, as parents have strongest influence on earliest yrs
% of chargable youth who are charaged has been
decreasing since YCJA was implemented in 2003
the more forms of abuse a particular child has exprienced, the more likely they are to
become delinquent
deviancy training
process whereby young offenders teach each other how to be even more deviant
having an adult present + well-structured sessions may help reduce negative effects of group treatment
2 key strategies in process of emotion regulation
cognitive reappraisal
expressive suppression
(both challenges for adolescents)
cognitive reappraisal
ability to re-evaluate cause of an emotional state + mediate the response
one reassesses emotion-causing situation
expressive suppression
emotion regulation strategy that inhibits one’s emotional response without reducing level of emotion
focus on suppressing emotional reponse tendency
young adults who choose appraisal over suppression appear to be
psychologically healthier than those who choose suppression
ones tendency toward appraisal or suppression is related to temperament, family communication patterns + intelligence
emotion regulation is a
dynamic process that typically improves with age
ability to appraise situation + reduce need to suppress emotional responding
improves as one becomes more socially competent + less prone to emotionality
full-blow depression results when
negative + uncomfortable emotions overwhelm adolescent
risk of depression for adolescents is
high
what proportion of adolescents reports depressive disorder?
1/4
females are more likely to experience depression
causes of depression in adolescence vary greatly but include
genetic vulnerability, family dysfunction, cognitive attribution style, adolescents’s explanation of causes of behaviour + events
also physiological cahnges
adolescents are particularly sensitive about stigma of
seeing a therapist + getting treatment for depression
but less concerned than other age groups about using antidepressant medications
best long-term prognosis for depression arises from combination of
medication + therapy
fully-blown depressive disorder is diagnosed when person experiences
5 or more symptoms every day for at least 2 wks
9 symptoms of depression
depressed mood - feelings of sadness, emptiness + hopelessness
dec interest in most activities
significant weight loss without dieting or significant weight gain
insomnia or excessive tiredness
observable restlessness or psychomotor retardation (appearing slowed down)
loss of energy/fatigue
feeling worthless or excessive guilt
diminished concentration or persistent indecisiveness
recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal thoughts, or suicide attempt
what kind of risk is associated with antidepressants?
suicide
not approved for patients < 18yrs
males outnumber females in completed suicides, but
females attempt suicide more frequently
males - firearms
females - hanging + overdosing
inc risk of suicide in
gay people + racial minorities
suicidal ideation
continued obsession with thoughts of suicide including methods, time, + place of suicide
high rates in minorities + mixed race - especially 9th grade females
what is more common than adolescent suicide?
non-suicidal self-injury
deliberate self-injury with no suicidal intent for prupose of self-punishing, managing negative emotions, or communicating personal distress
depressive symptoms consistently associated
often self-cutting
