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PSYC228 > PSYC228_Chap15 > Flashcards

PSYC228_Chap15 Flashcards

1
Q

all people recognize signs of aging by

A

age 60

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2
Q

senescence

A

physical signs of aging
most rapid at end of lifespan

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3
Q

most commom statistic to compare health of older adults in various countries

A

average life expectancy at birth

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4
Q

life expctancy for aboriginal canadians is

A

5 yrs lower than other canadians

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5
Q

lifespan

A

highest boundary or limit of a particular sp

guinness world records - 122

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6
Q

gerontology

A

area of social science that studies the physical, cognitive, + socio-emotional issues in later adulthood

likely to cont to expand

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7
Q

in 1931, less than 60% of males and 62% of females survived to age

A

65

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8
Q

in 2001, 84% of males + more. than 90% of females lived to

A

65

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9
Q

during next 40 yrs, people over 65 expected to

A

more than double in US

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10
Q

clarke thinks that steady inc in life expectancy due to

A

improved nutrition
better hygiene,
access to safe drinking water
effective birth control
immunization
other medical interventions

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11
Q

on average, how many yrs can canadians expect to spend in good health

A

70-80 yrs

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12
Q

centenarian

A

someone hwo is at least 100 yrs old

growing group

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13
Q

global life expectancy has inc from 64 to

A

70 in 2011

a lot due to dec in child mortality + health improvements in china + india

but life expectancy has dec in coutnries with limited resources

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14
Q

three groups of elderly

A

young-old
old-old
oldest-old

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15
Q

young-old

A

traditionally healthy, actice, independent, betw 60-75

adults in thier later yrs betw 60-75, who are still healthy active + independent

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16
Q

old-old

A

adults in their layer yrs, traditionally betw ages 75-85, who are beginning to deal iwth dec health
beginning to deal with loss of spouses + health

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17
Q

oldest-old

A

adults in their later yrs, traditionally, over 85, who are at risk for illness + injury + often dependent on others for assistance with daily living activities
often living in some type of assisted facility

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18
Q

senescence is may be multidirectional

A

some systems dec while others improve funciton

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19
Q

contracting muscles dec faster than

A

lengthening muscles

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20
Q

program theory of aging

A

theory that aging occurs bec of some predetermined internal or external chemical process built into cells that cause deterioration over time

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21
Q

error theory of aging

A

theory that aging occurs bec of environmental forces such as disease that affect the function of cells, causing deterioration

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22
Q

hayflick’s limit

A

number of times a cell can divide during the lifespan based on a predetermined number of cell divisions

internal clock with finite limit of times of divisions
biological clocks

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23
Q

fountain of youth enzyme?

A

telomerase
in cancer cells
replaces loss of telomere which usually signals division stop
hoping to get it to target normal cells

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24
Q

theory of programmed cell is death is a

A

evolutionary theory

based on assumption that nat selection influences biological processes, resulting in destruction of organisms that don’t reproduce

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25
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death + self destruct
occurs with greater freq as we age

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26
Q

error theories of aging

A

based on assupmtion that aging is affected by outside forces

no internal clock
suggest that aging is caused by factors that affect normal cell processes - free radicals, disease, genetic mutation

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27
Q

leading cause of death from birth to middle adulthood

A

unintentional injury + accidents

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28
Q

once reach middle adulthood, leading cause of death is

A

disease

29
Q

wear and tear theory

A

the longer we live, the mor elikely our tissues will wear down + eventually die

humna body ages as result of use, overuse, + environmental stressors

physical trauma, environmental toxins, overuse
compare to car
weismann

generally considered outdated

30
Q

brain vol changes across lifespan

A

early adolescence + young adulthood = waves of growth
after age 35 = dec in vol

31
Q

greater dec in brain vol in later yrs, is correlated with

A

reduce cognitive abilites + slower reaction times

32
Q

what findings suggest that vol loss of brain may have little to no bearing on function

A

that older adults lose vol in preforntal cortex, but use it more than adolescents

result in functional brain plasiticity

33
Q

leading cause of death for older adults in canada + industrialized natiosn

A

cardiovascular disease

develops from dec in flexibility of veins + arteries + dec efficiency of heart muscle to pump

34
Q

consequences of aging + less activity

A

arteriosclerosis (hardening of arterie) + coronary artery disease (plaque builtup in arteries)

35
Q

most common issue in skeletal system as people age has to do with

A

loss of bone mass due to diminishing minerals + calcium

36
Q

rheumatism

A

pain in the bones, ligaments, tendons, or muscles not caused by accidents

leading cause of lack of mobility in elderly

37
Q

2 main types of rheumatism

A

rheumatoid arthritis
osteoarthritis

38
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

type of arthritis classified as an autoimmune disease in which body’s own immune system causes an inflammation of tissue arnd joints

immune system causes deterioration in cartilage + linings of joints betw bones

swelling, pain, significant restriction of mobility

39
Q

osteoarthritis

A

most common type of arthritis
cartilage of joints to gradually diminish over time
results from use + abuse of skeletal system

hands, lower back, neck, knees, hips

type of arthritis where skeletal joints + tissue wear down over tiem

40
Q

most common treatment for both types of arthritis

A

medication for pain releif

acetaminophen + ibuprofen - without prescription

prescription - narcotic painkillers _ cortisone

most drastic is surgury by realigning bones, fusing bones, or replacing bones

41
Q

osteoporosis

A

degenerative disesae fo the skeletal system in which bone loss or resorption results in weakened + brittle bones

disruption of bone remodelling causing bones to become brittle + weak

42
Q

adls activities of daily living

A

necessary behavioural function of individs in order to meet basic survival needs, like eating, dressing, elimination + others

43
Q

planned sequential movements require

A

coordination among muscular system, endorcine, + brain
hormone issues can affect ability to make these movements

44
Q

abilities that require information processing

A

maintina conversation
read newspaper
watch tv
read intructions on medication

45
Q

selective attention

A

ablity to attend to particular item in environment while inhibiting other distracting stimuli

ability to destinguish betw relevant + irrelevanet info

may be affected as visual systems dec

46
Q

tope-down processing

A

forming perceptions beginning with a more general idea + then working toward more detailed info

involves higher-level thought processes like executive function

you know your friend has red heair, so you look for that colour when she gets off airplain

47
Q

bottom-up processing

A

forming perceptions from smaller, finer details + then building upward into a solid general idea

occurs at sensory level, cahnges in visual acuity + auditory processing mainly affect bottom-up processing

friend coming off airplane yells your name

48
Q

attention requires both

A

top-down processing + bottom-up processing

49
Q

both top-down + bottom-up processing appear to dec in older adults, which one dec faster?

A

top-down

50
Q

cognitive dec is accompanied by cahnges in

A

brain function + dec in visual + perceptual sensitivity

51
Q

changes i working memory are correlated with a dec in brain activity associated iwth the

A

hippocampus

remembers long apst memories, working/short term memory worse, can’t rememebr where her glasses are

52
Q

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

A

feelign you know a piece of info, but cannot recall it

older adults experience it more frequently than adolescents or younger adults

53
Q

wisdom

A

acccumulation of knowledge + experience, along with personal insight + common sense

debated
more than just knowledge + expertise

combination of common sense, experience, personal insight along with tolerance, reason, + solid decision-making

soemwhere betw self-actualization + ability to communicate thoguhts + perceptions intelligently

54
Q

visual dec began in middle adulthood, + continues +

A

becomes more significant in later yrs

55
Q

presbyopia

A

farsightedness - can’t read small print/stuff close

continues as eyes cahnge in shape + become smaller

56
Q

in old age the retina

A

becomes less sensitive to light + causes difficulty to see at night

57
Q

cataracts

A

shaed areas of the lense of the eye that can be treated surgically

shading + discoloration of lens of eye

58
Q

glaucoma

A

inc pressure within the eye that , if left untreated, can lead to serious vision problems
inc pressure due to restriction of movement of liquid betw cornea + lens
needs early treatment

59
Q

age-related macular degeneration

A

leading cause of vision loss for older adults, caused by deterioration of central region of retina

deterioratio of central region of retina, causes significant visual difficultly

leading cause of vision loss in canadians
if late stages, treatment can only slow vision loss

main approach to treating = visual rehabilitation - teaching people to use remaning vision more effectively

60
Q

most individs over 75 report

A

partial or significant hearing loss

61
Q

between olfactory (smell) and gustatory (taste) which dec faster/earlier in older adults

A

olfactory/smell dec faster/earlier

both affect quality of life

62
Q

sensations like cold + heat, have higher thresholds as we age bec

A

age is associated iwth dimisnihing abilty to feel sensations

63
Q

fastest growing age group in canada

A

over 85

64
Q

biggest nutritional issue among older adults

A

overeating

65
Q

dementia

A

loss of cognitive function, which may include language impairment, memory loss, + inability to recognize familiar people or objects

most common in latin america

dificiencies of cognitive + intellecuatl ability, inability to plan + organize, memory loss, language impairment, diminishing mobility + difficultly recognizing familiar people

intereres with behavioural + psychological function

66
Q

vascular dementia

A

common dementia caused by restricted supply of blood to brain

typically after minor strokes

second most common form of dementia 20% of dementias

memory impairment, loss of communication skills, gradual deterioration in person’s ability to carry out daily tasks + acitivities of living

67
Q

lewy body dementia

A

round lewy bodies structures develop in parts of the brain involving thinkcing + movement = visual hallucinations, delusions, _ inc rates of falling

no cure

68
Q

alzheimer’s disease

A

most common form of dementia in world
1/20 over 65 has it
1/4 over 85 has it

5-10% of cases due to familial autosomal dominant alzheimer’s

rest are sporadic

usually individs over 60
irreversable + progressive, gradually destroying brain + abillity to remember, think clearly + perform activities of dialy living

progressive form of dementia in whihc plaques + tanlgues form in brain, resulting in incing memory loss + eventually death

PSYC228 (16 decks)

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