PSY 131 midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Transient signals/ click stimulus/ spectral splatter

A

brief acoustical signal in which the sound level changes abruptly

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2
Q

Perceptual Beats

A

periodic change in overall loudness of a tone; occurs if change in f is less than 15-20 Hz

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3
Q

acoustic beats

A

periodic increase + decrease in amplitude caused by superposition of 2 sine waves of different frequencies

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4
Q

amplitude modulation

A

multiplication of two signals results in a change in temporal envelope

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5
Q

frequency modulation

A

addition of two signals does not change temporal envelope

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6
Q

sidebands

A

two frequency components

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7
Q

noise

A

random sequence of amplitude variations over time

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8
Q

low pass filter

A

passes all frequencies below cutoff

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9
Q

high pass filter

A

passes all frequencies above cutoff

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10
Q

bandpass

A

passes all frequencies between upper and lower cutoff

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11
Q

bandstop

A

attenuates all frequencies between upper and lower cutoff

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12
Q

linear system

A

output of the system is linear function to the input

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13
Q

nonlinear system

A

nonlinear relationship between input and output

can introduce new frequency components

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14
Q

difference tone

A

type of intermodulation distortion (equal to the change of f of two frequency components)

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15
Q

intermodular distortion

A

results from nonlinear system: the interaction of two or more frequency components

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16
Q

compression

A

reduce range of sound intensities in the output

17
Q

Driver

A

catalyst that causes vibration of sound source (hand, hammer, etc)

18
Q

generator

A

the medium in or on which a standing wave of vibration is created and maintained (string, vocal cords)

19
Q

resonator

A

an object that attenuates or amplifies the signal from a generator

20
Q

free vibration

A

ex: plucked string, as soon as string is set into motion, damping occurs due to impedance (measure of how much medium resists movement)

21
Q

forced vibration

A

ex: shouting at an undamped guitar; if fundamental frequency of driver is close to the natural frequency of the string, the string will resonate/vibrate

22
Q

outer ear function

A

protection, sound localization, modification of sound waves

23
Q

ear canal

A

resonant properties cause us to have greater sensitivities to frequencies between 1kHz and 6 kHz

24
Q

middle ear parts

A

malleus - incus - stapes

25
middle ear function
amplify transmission of sound waves from outer ear to inner ear, transforms signal from air to fluid, matches pressure of inside ear to external world
26
inner ear "cochlea" function
transduction: mechanical vibration turned into electrochemical signals
27
basilar membrane
wider towards the apex, acts as a bandpass filter, apex processes low frequencies and base processes high frequencies
28
organ of corti
includes the inner and outer hair cells
29
stereocilia
gated ion channel created by movement of inner hair cells that depolarize (send potassium ions out)
30
tonotopic organization
ability to tune into certain frequencies; inner hair cells, neurons, auditory cortex all organized according to frequencies
31
Descending pathways
from the brain signals travel to synapses in the cochlea; tells your ear to be less responsive
32
ascending pathways
signals go from ears to the brain to be processed (temporal lobe)
33
place coding
firing rate of neurons matters; frequency coding is determined by how often neurons fire (fire more with corresponding frequency)
34
temporal coding (phase locking)
when neurons fire matter; neurons and inner hair cells respond corresponding to which part of the wave is coming into the ear
35
adaptation
decrease firing rate even though stimulus hasn't ended (get's used to sound)
36
saturation
maximum firing rate (plateaus)
37
spontaneous activity
even in quiet, most neurons show background firing activity