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102 Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Attributions

A

how people explain the causes of behavior

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2
Q

Dispositional

A

attributing behavior to internal characteristics such as ability, personality, mood, or effort

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3
Q

Situational

A

attributing behavior to external factors such as environment or other people

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4
Q

Consensus

A

Do other people do this?

Yes -> high consensus -> situational
No -> low consensus -> dispositional

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5
Q

Distinctiveness

A

Does the person usually behave similarly across different situations?

No -> high distinctiveness -> situational
Yes -> low distinctiveness -> dispositional

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6
Q

Consistency

A

Does the personal usually do this behavior in this situation?

No -> low consistency -> combination of situational and dispositional
Yes -> high consistency -> definitely situational or definitely dispositional

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7
Q

Castro Study

A

Participants read pro or anti Castro papers
- rated people who spoke freely in favor of Castro to have more positive views on him but also rated people to have positive attitudes towards Castro who were told to write in favor of Castro

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8
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

tendency to overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors

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9
Q

Role of perceptual salience

A

people are often the focus, not the situation

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10
Q

Taylor & Fiske (1975)

A

2 students get acquainted in conversation, 6 observers
People facing person A believed he led the conversation
People facing person B thought he led the conversation

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11
Q

Meritocracy

A

chances are equal, winners deserve their winnings

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12
Q

Belief in a just world

A

believe that people get what they deserve in life

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13
Q

Actor-observer bias

A

tendency to see others’ behavior as a product of their internal states but our own behavior as affected by the situation

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14
Q

self-serving bias

A

exception to actor-observer bias; tendency to take credit for our successes but blame the situation on our failures

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15
Q

Cultural differences in attribution

A

East asians = more sensitive to context & background

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16
Q

outgroup homogeneity

A

the tendency to view members of outgroups as more similar to each other than we see members of ingroups

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17
Q

stereotype

A

beliefs that associate a group of people with certain traits

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18
Q

prejudice

A

negative attitude or feelings towards others because of their group membership

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19
Q

discrimination

A

negative behaviors towards others because of their group membership

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20
Q

Attachment Theory

A

humans have evolved a dependence on close social relationships; formed by experiences with caregivers

21
Q

interdependence theory

A

relationships provide costs and benefit that depend on
- situation
-your behavior
-your partners behavior

22
Q

Kalick & Hamilton 1986

A
  • believed all people want attractive partners
  • attractive people have the most freedom to choose
  • less attractive people have to pick from what’s “left over”
23
Q

social groups

A

set of individuals with a shared purpose who normally share a positive social identity

24
Q

social facilitation

A

how the presence of others affect an individual’s performance

25
Q

zajonc’s theory

A

the presence of others increases arousal, and arousal increases your dominant response

26
Q

social loafing

A

tendency to exert less effort when working on a group task

27
Q

deindividualization

A

psychological state that is experienced as the loss of individual self awareness and individual accountability produced by anonymity in groups

28
Q

social identity theory

A

the part of an individuals self concept which derives from their knowledge of their membership in a social group

29
Q

cognitive component of social identity theory

A

people have a natural tendency to categorize when they see contrast

30
Q

motivational component

A

in group is seen as self and outgroup is seen as ‘other person’

31
Q

in group favoritism

A

the tendency to respond more positively to people from our ingroups

32
Q

outgroup animosity

A

perception of outgroup as inferior in competence and morality

33
Q

minimal group experiment

A

options:
- max joint profit ($17 for ingroup, $25 for outgroup)
- max profit for ingroup ($19 ingroup, $21 outgroup)
- max difference ($7 ingroup, $1 outgroup)

Results; participants preferred…
max ingroup profit > max difference > max joint profit

34
Q

illusion of invulnerability

A

because NASA had been successful before, they believed they would always be successful

35
Q

Belief in inherent morality

A

thought their own actions were right

36
Q

collective rationalization

A

explain results away

37
Q

stereotypes of outgroups

A

thought they knew everything and disregarded MTI engineers

38
Q

direct pressure on dissenters

A

top managers pressured MTI managers to change their recommendations

39
Q

Mindguards

A

members of the group guarded against alternative ideas

40
Q

self censorship

A

members of group don’t speak up to avoid being a deviant

41
Q

illusion of unanimity

A

doubters don’t speak up, people assume there is more agreement than there is

42
Q

conformity

A

tendency to change our perceptions, opinions, or behavior to align with group norms

43
Q

norm

A

belief about where the group average is or ought to be

44
Q

ideomotor action

A

the phenomenon whereby merely thinking about a behavior makes performing it likely

45
Q

informational social influence

A

the influence of other people that result from taking their comments or actions as a source of information about what is correct

46
Q

normative social influence

A

the influence of other people that comes from the desire to avoid disapproval

47
Q

compliance

A

changes in behavior elicited by direct requests

48
Q

obedience

A

behavior change produced by the commands of authority

flashcards (13 decks)

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