102 Midterm 2

Question 1

Attributions

Answer 1

how people explain the causes of behavior

Question 2

Dispositional

Answer 2

attributing behavior to internal characteristics such as ability, personality, mood, or effort

Question 3

Situational

Answer 3

attributing behavior to external factors such as environment or other people

Question 4

Consensus

Answer 4

Do other people do this?

Yes -> high consensus -> situational
No -> low consensus -> dispositional

Question 5

Distinctiveness

Answer 5

Does the person usually behave similarly across different situations?

No -> high distinctiveness -> situational
Yes -> low distinctiveness -> dispositional

Question 6

Consistency

Answer 6

Does the personal usually do this behavior in this situation?

No -> low consistency -> combination of situational and dispositional
Yes -> high consistency -> definitely situational or definitely dispositional

Question 7

Castro Study

Answer 7

Participants read pro or anti Castro papers
- rated people who spoke freely in favor of Castro to have more positive views on him but also rated people to have positive attitudes towards Castro who were told to write in favor of Castro

Question 8

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 8

tendency to overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors

Question 9

Role of perceptual salience

Answer 9

people are often the focus, not the situation

Question 10

Taylor & Fiske (1975)

Answer 10

2 students get acquainted in conversation, 6 observers
People facing person A believed he led the conversation
People facing person B thought he led the conversation

Question 11

Meritocracy

Answer 11

chances are equal, winners deserve their winnings

Question 12

Belief in a just world

Answer 12

believe that people get what they deserve in life

Question 13

Actor-observer bias

Answer 13

tendency to see others’ behavior as a product of their internal states but our own behavior as affected by the situation

Question 14

self-serving bias

Answer 14

exception to actor-observer bias; tendency to take credit for our successes but blame the situation on our failures

Question 15

Cultural differences in attribution

Answer 15

East asians = more sensitive to context & background

Question 16

outgroup homogeneity

Answer 16

the tendency to view members of outgroups as more similar to each other than we see members of ingroups

Question 17

stereotype

Answer 17

beliefs that associate a group of people with certain traits

Question 18

prejudice

Answer 18

negative attitude or feelings towards others because of their group membership

Question 19

discrimination

Answer 19

negative behaviors towards others because of their group membership

Question 20

Attachment Theory

Answer 20

humans have evolved a dependence on close social relationships; formed by experiences with caregivers

Question 21

interdependence theory

Answer 21

relationships provide costs and benefit that depend on
- situation
-your behavior
-your partners behavior

Question 22

Kalick & Hamilton 1986

Answer 22

• believed all people want attractive partners
• attractive people have the most freedom to choose
• less attractive people have to pick from what’s “left over”

Question 23

social groups

Answer 23

set of individuals with a shared purpose who normally share a positive social identity

Question 24

social facilitation

Answer 24

how the presence of others affect an individual’s performance

Question 25

zajonc's theory

Answer 25

the presence of others increases arousal, and arousal increases your dominant response

Question 26

social loafing

Answer 26

tendency to exert less effort when working on a group task

Question 27

deindividualization

Answer 27

psychological state that is experienced as the loss of individual self awareness and individual accountability produced by anonymity in groups

Question 28

social identity theory

Answer 28

the part of an individuals self concept which derives from their knowledge of their membership in a social group

Question 29

cognitive component of social identity theory

Answer 29

people have a natural tendency to categorize when they see contrast

Question 30

motivational component

Answer 30

in group is seen as self and outgroup is seen as 'other person'

Question 31

in group favoritism

Answer 31

the tendency to respond more positively to people from our ingroups

Question 32

outgroup animosity

Answer 32

perception of outgroup as inferior in competence and morality

Question 33

minimal group experiment

Answer 33

options: - max joint profit ($17 for ingroup, $25 for outgroup) - max profit for ingroup ($19 ingroup, $21 outgroup) - max difference ($7 ingroup, $1 outgroup) Results; participants preferred... max ingroup profit > max difference > max joint profit

Question 34

illusion of invulnerability

Answer 34

because NASA had been successful before, they believed they would always be successful

Question 35

Belief in inherent morality

Answer 35

thought their own actions were right

Question 36

collective rationalization

Answer 36

explain results away

Question 37

stereotypes of outgroups

Answer 37

thought they knew everything and disregarded MTI engineers

Question 38

direct pressure on dissenters

Answer 38

top managers pressured MTI managers to change their recommendations

Question 39

Mindguards

Answer 39

members of the group guarded against alternative ideas

Question 40

self censorship

Answer 40

members of group don't speak up to avoid being a deviant

Question 41

illusion of unanimity

Answer 41

doubters don't speak up, people assume there is more agreement than there is

Question 42

conformity

Answer 42

tendency to change our perceptions, opinions, or behavior to align with group norms

Question 43

norm

Answer 43

belief about where the group average is or ought to be

Question 44

ideomotor action

Answer 44

the phenomenon whereby merely thinking about a behavior makes performing it likely

Question 45

informational social influence

Answer 45

the influence of other people that result from taking their comments or actions as a source of information about what is correct

Question 46

normative social influence

Answer 46

the influence of other people that comes from the desire to avoid disapproval

Question 47

compliance

Answer 47

changes in behavior elicited by direct requests

Question 48

obedience

Answer 48

behavior change produced by the commands of authority