131 final

Question 1

Frequency Selectivity

Answer 1

the ability of the auditory system to resolve or separate out the different frequency components of a sound wave

Question 2

Iso-level curve

Answer 2

Basilar membrane response as a function of the frequency of a pure tone for various levels of the tone

Question 3

Tuning Curve

Answer 3

The level of a pure tone needed to produce the same basilar membrane response

Question 4

Basalward Shift

Answer 4

traveling wave must move toward the higher frequency regions of the basilar membrane to compensate for the shift to lower-frequency excitation

Question 5

Nonlinearities

Answer 5

input is not equal to the output

Question 6

Compression

Answer 6

as the value of the input increases, the same change in the input generates a smaller and smaller change in the output

Question 7

Motility

Answer 7

outer hair cells expand and contract due to protein prestin

Question 8

Two-tone Suppression

Answer 8

reduction in response to one frequency component when another frequency component is added

Question 9

Distortion (missing fundamental)

Answer 9

frequency components that are not present in the input are present in the output

Question 10

Masking

Answer 10

the obscuring of one sound by another

Question 11

Critical Bandwidth (ERB)

Answer 11

A measure of the “effective bandwidth” of the auditory filter
Rectangular filter such that the peak transmission is the same and the total power (area under the curve) are the same -> ERB

Question 12

Excitation Patterns

Answer 12

a plot of the output of filters as a function of center frequency

Question 13

Spectral-notch Masking

Answer 13

can be used to estimate the shape and bandwidth of the auditory filter

Question 14

Psychophysical tuning curves

Answer 14

the level of pure tone needed to mask a pure tone signal

Question 15

Spectral excitation pattern

Answer 15

sine tone versus complex signal

Question 16

Loudness Definition

Answer 16

ANSI: that attribute of auditory sensation in terms of which sounds can be ordered on a scale extending from quiet to loud

Textbook: loudness is the subjective magnitude of sound

Question 17

Dynamic Range and Threshold (of loudness)

Answer 17

0 - 120 dB SPL

Question 18

Equal loudness contours

Answer 18

hearing is most sensitive between 1000 and 6000 Hz

Question 19

loudness level

Answer 19

variation flattens out at very high sound levels

Question 20

Phons

Answer 20

hybrid measure that relates sensitivity of the auditory system to frequency and sound level on an interval scale

Question 21

Sones

Answer 21

perceptual measure that relates soundness to a fixed standard on a ratio scale

sound A is twice as loud as sound B if its sone value is twice that of sound B

Question 22

Magnitude Estimation

Answer 22

assign a number to each sound according to its loudness

Question 23

Magnitude Production

Answer 23

subject adjusts the level of a test sound until it has a specified loudness

Question 24

Specific loudness

Answer 24

a calculation of the output at each auditory filter

Question 25

Just noticeable difference

Answer 25

the minimum levels of an acoustical change at which subjects can hear a difference

Question 26

Weber's Law

Answer 26

The property by which the small detectable increment in intensity is proportional to the baseline intensity means the increase in intensity required for you to notice a change

Question 27

"near miss" to Weber's Law

Answer 27

as sound level increases more auditory filters become active

Question 28

coding of spectral amplitude

Answer 28

low level - formants of the acoustical spectrum are represented in the neural output high level - the neurons are saturated and formant information is lost

Question 29

Neural Synchrony

Answer 29

improves with increased sound level

Question 30

Pitch

Answer 30

pitch is the aspect of auditory sensation by which sounds are ordered on the scale used for melody in music

Question 31

Range for Pitch

Answer 31

melodic pitch: 30Hz - 5000Hz normal hearing: 20Hz - 20,000 Hz

Question 32

Rate Place Coding

Answer 32

basilar membrane conducts frequency analysis, different areas on basilar membrane respond to different frequency levels

Question 33

Temporal Coding

Answer 33

due to phase locking, the time pattern of neural spikes is at a multiple integer of the period of the signal

Question 34

Basilar Membrane response to resolved and unresolved harmonics

Answer 34

nerve fiber tunes to resolved harmonics locks to the fine structure, unresolved locks to the envelope

Question 35

Pattern recognition model for pitch extraction

Answer 35

pitch is derived from the neural information about the frequencies of the individual, resolved partials

Question 36

Temporal Model for pitch extraction

Answer 36

pitch is related to the time intervals between nerve spikes in the auditory nerve stemming from unresolved partials

Question 37

Temporal Resolution

Answer 37

the ability to process fast changing stimuli, the separation of events in time

Question 38

Backward Masking

Answer 38

masking of a tone by a sound that begins later

Question 39

Forward Masking

Answer 39

masking of a tone by a sound that ends before the tone begins

Question 40

Temporal window model

Answer 40

stage one: effect of the auditory filter on basilar membrane velocity, second stage: all values are squared, stage 3: sliding temporal window

Question 41

Spectro-Temporal excitation pattern

Answer 41

represents the complete physiological transformation of the acoustical signal

Question 42

Periodicity

Answer 42

the number of a pure tone that occur over a given length of time

Question 43

Partial

Answer 43

a general term that can apply to any mode of vibration in a spectrum

Question 44

Temporal Envelope

Answer 44

primary determinant in our classification of sound sources

Question 45

Distortion Product

Answer 45

characterized by the introduction of frequency components in the output that were not present in the input

Question 46

Resonant Frequencies of outer and middle ear

Answer 46

1.5 - 7 kHz

Question 47

Basilar Membrane

Answer 47

separates out via traveling wave, the frequency components of a sound wave

Question 48

Organ of Corti

Answer 48

holds inner and outer hair cells

Question 49

Scala Media

Answer 49

a canal filled with endolymph that extends along the cochlea

Question 50

Resolved harmonic

Answer 50

low numbered partial

Question 51

Unresolved harmonic

Answer 51

high numbered partial