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131 final Flashcards

1
Q

Frequency Selectivity

A

the ability of the auditory system to resolve or separate out the different frequency components of a sound wave

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2
Q

Iso-level curve

A

Basilar membrane response as a function of the frequency of a pure tone for various levels of the tone

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3
Q

Tuning Curve

A

The level of a pure tone needed to produce the same basilar membrane response

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4
Q

Basalward Shift

A

traveling wave must move toward the higher frequency regions of the basilar membrane to compensate for the shift to lower-frequency excitation

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5
Q

Nonlinearities

A

input is not equal to the output

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6
Q

Compression

A

as the value of the input increases, the same change in the input generates a smaller and smaller change in the output

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7
Q

Motility

A

outer hair cells expand and contract due to protein prestin

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8
Q

Two-tone Suppression

A

reduction in response to one frequency component when another frequency component is added

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9
Q

Distortion (missing fundamental)

A

frequency components that are not present in the input are present in the output

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10
Q

Masking

A

the obscuring of one sound by another

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11
Q

Critical Bandwidth (ERB)

A

A measure of the “effective bandwidth” of the auditory filter
Rectangular filter such that the peak transmission is the same and the total power (area under the curve) are the same -> ERB

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12
Q

Excitation Patterns

A

a plot of the output of filters as a function of center frequency

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13
Q

Spectral-notch Masking

A

can be used to estimate the shape and bandwidth of the auditory filter

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14
Q

Psychophysical tuning curves

A

the level of pure tone needed to mask a pure tone signal

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15
Q

Spectral excitation pattern

A

sine tone versus complex signal

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16
Q

Loudness Definition

A

ANSI: that attribute of auditory sensation in terms of which sounds can be ordered on a scale extending from quiet to loud

Textbook: loudness is the subjective magnitude of sound

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17
Q

Dynamic Range and Threshold (of loudness)

A

0 - 120 dB SPL

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18
Q

Equal loudness contours

A

hearing is most sensitive between 1000 and 6000 Hz

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19
Q

loudness level

A

variation flattens out at very high sound levels

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20
Q

Phons

A

hybrid measure that relates sensitivity of the auditory system to frequency and sound level on an interval scale

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21
Q

Sones

A

perceptual measure that relates soundness to a fixed standard on a ratio scale

sound A is twice as loud as sound B if its sone value is twice that of sound B

22
Q

Magnitude Estimation

A

assign a number to each sound according to its loudness

23
Q

Magnitude Production

A

subject adjusts the level of a test sound until it has a specified loudness

24
Q

Specific loudness

A

a calculation of the output at each auditory filter

25
Q

Just noticeable difference

A

the minimum levels of an acoustical change at which subjects can hear a difference

26
Q

Weber’s Law

A

The property by which the small detectable increment in intensity is proportional to the baseline intensity means the increase in intensity required for you to notice a change

27
Q

“near miss” to Weber’s Law

A

as sound level increases more auditory filters become active

28
Q

coding of spectral amplitude

A

low level - formants of the acoustical spectrum are represented in the neural output

high level - the neurons are saturated and formant information is lost

29
Q

Neural Synchrony

A

improves with increased sound level

30
Q

Pitch

A

pitch is the aspect of auditory sensation by which sounds are ordered on the scale used for melody in music

31
Q

Range for Pitch

A

melodic pitch: 30Hz - 5000Hz
normal hearing: 20Hz - 20,000 Hz

32
Q

Rate Place Coding

A

basilar membrane conducts frequency analysis, different areas on basilar membrane respond to different frequency levels

33
Q

Temporal Coding

A

due to phase locking, the time pattern of neural spikes is at a multiple integer of the period of the signal

34
Q

Basilar Membrane response to resolved and unresolved harmonics

A

nerve fiber tunes to resolved harmonics locks to the fine structure, unresolved locks to the envelope

35
Q

Pattern recognition model for pitch extraction

A

pitch is derived from the neural information about the frequencies of the individual, resolved partials

36
Q

Temporal Model for pitch extraction

A

pitch is related to the time intervals between nerve spikes in the auditory nerve stemming from unresolved partials

37
Q

Temporal Resolution

A

the ability to process fast changing stimuli, the separation of events in time

38
Q

Backward Masking

A

masking of a tone by a sound that begins later

39
Q

Forward Masking

A

masking of a tone by a sound that ends before the tone begins

40
Q

Temporal window model

A

stage one: effect of the auditory filter on basilar membrane velocity, second stage: all values are squared, stage 3: sliding temporal window

41
Q

Spectro-Temporal excitation pattern

A

represents the complete physiological transformation of the acoustical signal

42
Q

Periodicity

A

the number of a pure tone that occur over a given length of time

43
Q

Partial

A

a general term that can apply to any mode of vibration in a spectrum

44
Q

Temporal Envelope

A

primary determinant in our classification of sound sources

45
Q

Distortion Product

A

characterized by the introduction of frequency components in the output that were not present in the input

46
Q

Resonant Frequencies of outer and middle ear

A

1.5 - 7 kHz

47
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

separates out via traveling wave, the frequency components of a sound wave

48
Q

Organ of Corti

A

holds inner and outer hair cells

49
Q

Scala Media

A

a canal filled with endolymph that extends along the cochlea

50
Q

Resolved harmonic

A

low numbered partial

51
Q

Unresolved harmonic

A

high numbered partial

flashcards (16 decks)

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